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Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 1/19 2009-2010 CP2 KEY TERMS FOR Protein Synthesis (Transcription and Translation) MA BIOLOGY FRAMEWORKS BEING MET: 3.2 Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of the genetic code. Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. Distinguish among the end products of replication, transcription, and translation. 3.3 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not result in phenotypic change in an organism. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in offspring. Exploring Life concept 11.4: A gene provides the information for making a specific protein (overview of transcription / translation) AND Exploring Life concept 11.5: There are two main steps from gene to protein (specifics of transcription / translation) OBJECTIVES: 1. Explain the “one gene-one polypeptide” hypothesis 2. Explain the basic process of transcription (where in the cell does this process take place, what do you start with, what do you do to it, and what do you end with?) 3. Given a DNA strand, be able to tell what the complementary mRNA strand would be 4. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA in terms of long name, type of sugar, number of strands, what part of the cell it is found in (nucleus and / or cytoplasm) and names of bases 5. Explain what is actually happening when the DNA unzips. 6. Explain the basic process of translation (where in the cell does this process take place, what do you start with, what do you do to it, and what do you end with?) 7. Summarize protein synthesis (tell in only a few words what is happening) 8. Distinguish between the end products of replication, transcription and translation 9. Utilize the genetic code to determine an amino acid sequence from a given strand of DNA (transcribe DNA to mRNA, then translate mRNA to a protein). 10. List the three types of RNA and their functions 11. Label on a diagram of protein synthesis: DNA, Codon, Anticodon, tRNA, mRNA, rRNA, Protein, Amino Acid KEY TERMS: TRANSCRIPTION: Transcription: copying the DNA message into RNA language RNA: (Ribonucleic Acid) a nucleic acid that helps make proteins Genotype: an organism’s genetic makeup Phenotype: an organism’s specific traits Messenger RNA: (mRNA) carries the DNA message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm Gene: a section of DNA that codes for a specific trait TRANSLATION: Translation: using mRNA instructions to make a protein Codon: three-base code on an mRNA molecule Amino acid: the subunit of proteins Protein: molecule that the body uses to build and repair parts of the body with Protein Synthesis: Making proteins Page 1/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 2/19 Ribosomal RNA: (rRNA) molecule that makes up ribosomes Ribosome: cell organelle that helps make proteins Transfer RNA: (tRNA) molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome Exploring Life concept 11.6 – Mutations can change the meaning of genes OBJECTIVES: 12. Describe the types of mutations that can affect genes 13. Explain what can cause a mutation 14. Explain why mutations in DNA sequence may result in phenotypic changes in an organism. KEY TERMS: Mutagen: something that causes a mutation Mutation: any mistake in the DNA Page 2/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 3/19 QUESTIONS FOR: Concept 11.4: A gene provides the information for making a specific protein Use your textbook to find the answers to the following questions: ONE-GENE, ONE POLYPEPTIDE 1. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? 2. What does the “one gene-one polypeptide” hypothesis say? INFORMATION FLOW: DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN: 3. Fill in the following chart below. You may need to use your DNA notes to find some answers! DNA RNA Long name of molecule Type of sugar Single or double-stranded? Bases 4. Copying the DNA message into RNA language is called: _______________________ 5. The DNA instructions remain in the nucleus. After the RNA message is copied from the DNA, where does it move to? 6. When DNA is transcribed, what is the result? 7. Using the RNA instructions to make a protein (amino acid chain) is called: _______________ 8. What is a codon? THE TRIPLET CODE 9. Which amino acid is coded for by the RNA sequence CUA? 10. Which amino acid is coded for by the RNA sequence GAC? Page 3/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 4/19 NOTES: Transcription (DNA to mRNA) Concepts 11.4 & 11.5 What is a gene? • A gene is a unit of information in DNA (A “chunk” of instructions for how to do something) • There are genes for… – Hair color – How many toes you have – How big your eyes are – The size of your hands – Etc…. One Gene - One Polypeptide Hypothesis • This hypothesis states that the function of an individual gene is to hold the instructions for making one specific polypeptide (protein) Information flow: DNA to RNA • Each protein is made from the instructions in one gene • Before a protein can be made, the DNA instructions have to be copied and moved from the nucleus and into the cytoplasm. • RNA is a copy of a gene (instructions) found in DNA RNA vs. DNA RNA • Ribonucleic Acid • Sugar = ribose • Single-stranded • Bases: AUCG • “U” = Uracil and it is similar to T and pairs with Adenine. DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Sugar = deoxyribose • Double-stranded • Bases: ATCG Copying DNA’s instructions • The DNA can’t leave the nucleus because it needs to be protected (bad if it was damaged), and it’s too big. So, we make a copy of what we need. • This is called “transcription” • “transcribe” means “to copy” • In transcription, the DNA message is just copied and brought from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. • The protein will be made in the cytoplasm using the copy of instructions that came from the nucleus (RNA). Page 4/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 5/19 Types of RNA Involved • There are three types of RNA involved in making proteins: – mRNA (messenger RNA): brings the DNA message into the cytoplasm – tRNA (transfer RNA): transfers amino acids to the growing protein chain by reading the mRNA instructions – rRNA (ribosomal RNA): holds all the parts together while making a protein Process of Transcription: 1. DNA unzips (H-bonds broken!) 2. RNA bases pair with complementary DNA bases (on only one chain of DNA) - Remember: U instead of T!!! 1. RNA polymerase (an enzyme) links the RNA nucleotides together and an mRNA is made 2. mRNA unzips from DNA strand, DNA rejoins 3. mRNA moves to the cytoplasm Transcription Page 5/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 6/19 WS: DNA AND GENES – DNA AND RNA COMPARISON Page 6/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 7/19 Questions for Concept 11.5 (Specifics of Transcription and Translation) Use your textbook to find the answers to the following questions: TRANSCRIPTION: DNA to RNA 1. Which of the following best describes the information flow in Transcription? a. Use RNA to make DNA b. Use proteins to make DNA c. Use DNA to make RNA d. Use RNA to make proteins 2. What are is the difference between DNA replication and transcription? TRANSLATION: RNA to Protein 3. Which of the following best describes the information flow in Translation? a. Use RNA to make DNA b. Use proteins to make DNA c. Use DNA to make RNA d. Use RNA to make proteins 4. Translation of the mRNA message into protein language requires an interpreter. What molecule is known as the interpreter? 5. True or False: CODONS are found on mRNA molecules 6. True or False: ANTICODONS are found on tRNA molecules 7. If a codon on an mRNA reads “CAG” what will the anticodons on the tRNA read? Page 7/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 8/19 8. What is attached to the tRNA molecule on the opposite end of the anticodons? 9. The first step of translation is to bring together all of the pieces needed during translation. These pieces are: ________________________, _______________________, _______________________ 10. What is the signal for translation to begin? 11. What brings the amino acids to the ribosome? 12. There are three signals for translation to stop. What are they? 13. What is the result of translation? Page 8/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 9/19 NOTES: Translation (mRNA to Protein) Concepts 11.4 & 11.5 Transcription Review • Remember, in transcription, a gene in DNA is copied into mRNA. • The mRNA message moves from nucleus to cytoplasm. This is where the protein will be made. Making A Protein • Translation is using mRNA instructions to make a protein • When you translate, you change languages – For example, English to Russian. • A genetic translation changes RNA language into protein language. • Remember: DNA holds the instructions for making proteins (how to make us!) How to Read RNA • RNA is read in 3-letter words, called codons. • One codon (in RNA language) = one amino acid (in protein language) • Several codons = an amino acid “sentence”…. Or a protein! • (Remember the protein bead necklaces we made earlier this year!!!) The Triplet Code • There is a code for what codons code (translate into) for which amino acids. • You use a key to translate the mRNA into the protein language. “Start” and “Stop Codons • There is always a “start” codon at the beginning of the mRNA chain. – Start codon: • AUG (also codes for methionine) • There is always a “stop” codon at the end of the chain. – There are three stop codons: • UAA • UAG • UGA Practice Reading the Key: • Translate the following mRNA into a protein using your chart! AUG GUC AGA CCC UGA Process of Translation 1. After mRNA moves to cytoplasm, it attaches to a ribosome 2. The ribosome (rRNA) holds onto the mRNA 3. tRNAs transfer new amino acids to the growing protein. 4. As new a.a’s add to the chain, the used tRNAs return to the cytoplasm to find another a.a. 5. When the tRNA’s reach the end of the instructions, the “stop” codon tells them to end the protein. 6. Result of translation: string of a.a’s (protein!) Page 9/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 10/19 tRNA • tRNAs read the mRNA instructions and bring amino acids to the rRNA / mRNA complex and join them together to make a protein • tRNAs have an “anticodon” that plugs into the codon on the mRNA strand. There is one type of tRNA with an anticodon for each codon • Example: for the mRNA codon ACA, the tRNA will have the anticodon UGU, which will allow the tRNA to bond to the mRNA and transfer the amino acid to the growing protein chain. Page 10/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 11/19 Overview of DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation • Use DNA to make DNA • DNA Replication Happens: In Nucleus • Use DNA to make RNA • Transcription Happens: In Nucleus • Use RNA to make Protein • Translation Happens: In Cytoplasm Page 11/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 12/19 Practice: Transcription and Translation from DNA DNA: RNA: Protein: Practice: Transcription and Translation from DNA DNA: RNA: Protein: Page 12/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 13/19 Practice: Transcription and Translation from DNA DNA: RNA: Protein: Practice: Transcription and Translation from DNA DNA: RNA: Protein: Page 13/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 14/19 Page 14/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 15/19 FIGURE OUT THE CODONS AND AMINO ACIDS Use what you have learned about pairing of nitrogen bases, and your codon key to fill in the missing parts in the cart below. The first one is done for you. Transcription Translation DNA codon mRNA codon Amino Acid coded for by mRNA 1. CTT GAA Glutamic acid 2. GCA 3. 4. UCA CCT 5. 6. ACU GGG 7. 8. UAA CAT 9. AUC 10. CGA 11. ATC 12. CAA 13. AAA 14. ACT 15. 16. UUG ATG 17. Histidine 18. Lysine 19. Typtophan 20. Methionine Page 15/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 16/19 Protein Synthesis Practice 1. Where does DNA replication take place? ______________________________ 2. Where does transcription take place? ______________________________ 3. Where does translation take place? ______________________________ 4. Given the following DNA sequence, what is the amino acid chain that will be created? TAC CCG TGA ATG ATT 5. The following is an amino acid sequence of a protein. What was the original DNA message? methionine – phenylalanine – aspartic acid – lysine – stop Page 16/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 17/19 Questions for Concept 11.6 – Mutations can change the meaning of genes 1. What is the definition of a mutation? 2. What is an example of a disease that is caused by a genetic mutation? 3. List the two types of mutations and the difference between the two. 4. Explain what a silent mutation is 5. What are three things that can cause mutations? Page 17/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 18/19 NOTES: Mutations Can Change the Meaning of Genes Concept 11.6 Mutations • A mutation is any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA • Two types: – Base substitutions – replacement of one base with another • Can cause no change in protein, or a deformed protein – Base insertions / deletions – inserting extra bases, or deleting some (or both) • Causes a change in the protein • How can some base substitutions cause no change in the protein? • • • Remember – several amino acids have more than one codon. – Example: both GAA and GAG code for Glutamic Acid If a mutation to DNA causes the mRNA codon to change from GAA to GAG, no change in the protein product would result. This is called a “silent mutation” What causes mutations? • Errors in DNA replication • Errors made during the making of sex-cells (eggs and sperm) • Mutagens: Physical or chemical agents that cause mutations – X-rays – UV light Page 18/19 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______ Page 19/19 Not all mutations are bad! • Some mutations can alter a protein in a way that may be beneficial in certain environments. • A species of black swallowtail butterflies is poisonous and birds avoid eating these butterflies. • Tiger swallowtail butterflies are not poisonous but some have a mutation that makes their wings black. Therefore, birds also avoid eating these butterflies because they look like the poisonous ones. Can a mutation be passed on to offspring? • If a mutation is present in an organism’s egg or sperm DNA, it can be passed on. • If it is NOT in egg or sperm DNA, it can NOT be passed on. Page 19/19