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4A DNA Pre-Standard ANSWER KEY DNA STRUCTURE 1. What type of molecule is this? NUCLEIC ACID, DNA 2. What is structure X called? NUCLEOTIDE 3. What three things make up the answer to number 2? SUGAR, PHOSPHATE, NITROGEN BASE 4. What is true about the number/percentage of adenine molecules compared to thymine? cytosine compared to guanine? % A = % T, % C = % G (CHARGAFF’S RATIO) 5. Which bases are considered purines? 2 RINGS = ADENINE & GUANINE 6. Which bases are considered pyrimidines? 1 RING = THYMINE & CYTISINE 7. Where is DNA located in a prokaryotic cell? CYTOPLASM, SINGLE CHROMOSOME 8. Where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell? NUCLEUS, CHROMATIN PACKED INTO CHROMOSOME 9. What molecules make up the backbone of a DNA molecule? SUGAR AND PHOSPHATE P 12. Label the sugar molecules, the phosphate molecules, and the bases in the above diagram. Circle and label a codon. Circle and label a nucleotide. S P 10. What molecules make up the rungs of a DNA molecule? NITROGEN BASES BONDED TOGETHER WITH HYDROGEN BONDS 11. What are the complementary base pairs? (Which base pairs with which?) A-T. G-C T S P C S S P P S C S P P S T S DNA REPLICATION 13. In what process is DNA copied? DNA REPLICATION 14. During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases TAGCAT produces a strand with the bases: ATCGTA NITROGEN BASES 15. The pairing of ________________________ in DNA is the key feature that allows DNA to be copied. COMPARING DNA & RNA 15. What is the same between a DNA nucleotide and an RNA nucleotide? ADENINE, GUANINE, CYTOSINE, HYDROGEN BONDS 16. What is different between a DNA nucleotide and an RNA nucleotide? NUMBER OF STRANDS, SUGAR, THYMINE AND URACIL RIBOSE DEOXYRIBOSE 17. RNA contains the sugar ___________, while DNA contains the sugar ________________ P 18. How many types of RNA are there? THREE 19. Name and provide the function (job) of each: rRNA SITE OF PROTEIN PRODUCTION tRNA TRANSPORTS AMINO ACIDS mRNA BRINGS BLUE PRINTS FROM NUCLEUS TO RIBOSOME TRANSCRIPTION 20. What is produced during transcription? mRNA 21. Where does this process occur? NUCLEUS THE GENETIC CODE 22. Genes contain instructions for assembling __PROTEINS__. 23. Arrange the following from largest to smallest: nucleus, cell, chromosome, nucleotide, DNA NUCLEOTIDE, DNA, CHROMOSOME, NUCLEUS, CELL 24. What is a codon? THREE NUCLEOTIDES 25. What does a codon code for? ONE AMINO ACID 26. Why is it possible for an amino acid to be specified by more than one kind of codon? ONLY 20 AMINO ACIDS, 65 CODONS 27. What is the start codon? Which amino acid does it code for? AUG- METHIONINE 28. Name the three stop codons: UGA, UAA, UAG 29. Which amino acids would the following codons specify? GUA— VALINE AGC— SERINE UCA—SERINE CCC— PROLINE GAC—ASPARTIC ACID UUC---PHENYLALANINE TRANSLATION/PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 30. What is produced in translation? PROTEIN OR POLYPEPTIDE 31. Ribosomes are made up of rRNA , 2 PARTS . Know the steps of translation: 32. Identify the following structures in the diagram: A: DNA TEMPLATE B: DNA COMPLIMENTARY STRAND C: NUCLEOTIDE D: mRNA E: START CODON F: CODON Identify the following processes in the diagram: X: TRANSCRIPTION Y: TRANSLATION 33. What process is illustrated in the figure? TRANSLATION 34. In which part of the cell does this process take place? CYTOPLASM 35. Identify the following structures: A. NUCLEUS B. mRNA C. rRNA D. tRNA E. ANTICODON F. START CODON G. mRNA 37. Asparagine and Methionine are what type of molecule? AMINO ACIDS MUTATIONS 38. Mutation— CHANGE IN DNA SEQUENCE 39. Mutagen— SUBSTANCE THAT CAUSES MUTATIONS 40. What are some examples of mutagens? UV RAYS, CHEMICALS, ENVIRONMENT 41. Point mutation— CHANGE IN ONE OR MORE NUCLEOTIDES 42. Frameshift mutation— INSERTION OR DELETIONS CAUSES A SHIFT IN CODON READING 43. Substitution— ONE NUCLEOTIDE IS PUT IN THE PLACE OF ANOTHER 44. Insertion— AN EXTRA NUCLEOTIDE IS ADDED TO THE SEQUENCE 45. Deletion— A NUCLEOTIDE OF MISSING IN SEQUENCE 46. Inversion— NUCELOTIDE SEQUENCE IS COPIED BACKWARDS 47. Translocation— PART OF ONE CHROMOSOME IS EXCHANGED WITH ANOTHER NONHOMOLOGOUS 48. A DNA segment is changed from TAGCAT to TACCAT. What type of mutation is this? -Is this a frameshift or a point mutation? SUBSTITUTION, POINT 49. A DNA segment is changed from TAGCAT to TACAT. What type of mutation is this? -Is this a frameshift or a point mutation? DELETION, FRAMESHIFT 50. A DNA segment is changed from TAGCAT to TAGACAT. What type of mutation is this? -Is this a frameshift or a point mutation? INSERTION, FRAMESHIFT 51. Label the type of each of the mutations shown in the diagram. A: DELETION B: INSERTION C: INVERSION D: TRANSLOCATION