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DNA Exam Review Sheet Name_______________ Prd.____Date________ Part 1. Vocabulary 1. Nucleotide 2. Base Pairing 3. Replication 4. Transcription 5. Translation 6. messenger RNA 7. transfer RNA 8. Codon 9. Anticodon 10. Transformation Part 2. DNA Structure Draw and label all the following parts of a nucleotide: Deoxyribose, Phosphate, Nitrogen Base: What is the difference between Purine and Pyrimidine nitrogen bases? Draw a diagram of the double helix shape of a DNA molecule What are some differences between DNA and RNA? Fill in the following chart: DNA RNA Made in the nucleus, but Leaves nucleus and Goes to Ribosome Stays in Nucleus Double-stranded double Helix shape Single-stranded Has nitrogen bases: G, A, T, C Has nitrogen bases: G, A, U, C Has the sugar Deoxyribose Has the sugar Ribose What are some differences between messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA): mRNA tRNA Made in nucleus, but leaves Nucleus and goes to Ribosome Floats around freely in the Cytoplasm of the cell Picks up amino acids in the Cell and brings them To the ribosomes Carries the genetic code from The DNA to the Ribosome Single-stranded shape Twisted shape with one end To attach amino acids And another end (the Terminal end) with 3 bases Contains the Codon Contains the Anticodon Part 3: DNA Replication DNA is responsible for 2 important things in the cell: DNA Replication which provides new cells with their own copy of DNA, and the production of Proteins (Protein Synthesis). Study the following diagram and be able to answer questions about the process. In the space below, write the steps involved in DNA replication: In DNA Replication, what is the role of each of these enzymes: DNA Helicases DNA Polymerases Fill in the following sequence of DNA to replace its missing sides: C– G– T– A– C– C– T– A– Why does DNA replicate? Be specific Part 4: Protein Synthesis 1. What are proteins and why are they important in cells? 2. What are amino acids? 3. What determines the differences between proteins of a cow and a human? 4. Protein Synthesis in a cell begins with a process call Transcription: the making of a messenger RNA molecule. What does the word Transcription mean? Study the following diagram of the process of Transcription: In the space to the side of this diagram, list the steps involved in Transcription (making a strand of mRNA): Fill in the following mRNA strand if it is attached to the right side of this DNA molecule: DNA: -T -A -G -G -C -A The second step in the making of a protein is called Translation. Here the code provided by the messenger RNA is “translated” into the code of a protein. Study the diagram below: Know and understand the process of translation: Fill in the missing tRNA anticodons for this mRNA strand: mRNA: AUGUUAGCUsing the chart shown below, answer the following questions. What would the sequence of amino acids be for the following mRNA sequence? AUG UAU CGA A. Acid: AUG is called an “initiator” or “start” codon. It also brings one amino acid, which is always the first amino acid of any protein. What amino acid is it? What are the 3 codes for the “Stop” codon? GGG AAU GCG What are the two main functions of a DNA molecule? 1. 2. These scientists each performed experiments related to our study of DNA and its’ function in a cell. Describe each experiment and how it was significant to our understanding of DNA: Rosalind Franklin: James Watson and Francis Crick: DNA Fingerprinting & Genetic Engineering Define the following terms: Restriction Enzyme: DNA Ligase: Recombinant DNA: Recognition Site: Gel Electrophoresis: The following diagram represents an electrophoresis gel. Indicate on the following diagram where the DNA fragments will migrate. You must indicate DNA pieces of the following lengths: 100 bp, 250 bp, 525 bp, 750 bp, and 950 bp. Be sure and indicate the well where the DNA is loaded and the positive electrode location. Note: the 100 bp fragment is shown for you already. Use the following data for your analysis: NOTE: DO NOT SHOW THESE ON THE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS MODEL! THESE ARE JUST YOUR GUIDE AS TO HOW FAR THE FRAGMENTS WILL TRAVEL! 100 bp will travel 10 cm 200 bp will travel 9 cm 300 bp will travel 8 cm 400 bp will travel 7 cm 500 bp will travel 6 cm 600 bp will travel 5 cm 700 bp will travel 4 cm 800 bp will travel 3 cm 900 bp will travel 2 cm 1000 bp will travel 1 cm DNA WELL --1 cm --2 cm --3 cm --4 cm --5 cm --6 cm --7 cm --8 cm --9 cm --10 cm