Download C.P. Biology Study Guide for the Final Exam

Name: _________________________________
C.P. Biology Final Exam Study Guide
Miss Capone
Per. A & B: MON 6/15
Per. F: WED 6/17
Genetics/Heredity
1. Who is considered the “father of genetics”, what did he study and why?
2. Define phenotype:
3. Define genotype:
4. Record the genotypes for the following
(a)heterozygous
(b) homozygous dominant
(c) homozygous recessive
5. What are the 4 possible gametes produced from a parent whose genotype is AaBb?
(*Recall the FOIL method)
6. In cats short hair (H) is dominant to long hair (h). Cross a homozygous long haired cat
with a heterozygous short haired cat in the punnett square below.
a. What % of the offspring will have short hair?
b.
c. What % of the offspring will be homozygous recessive?
d.
7. Humans have ________ pairs of chromosome (_______ in all). Pairs 1-22 are called
______________________ while pair # 23 are called _________________
________________________ and determine whether you’re male or female.
8. In mendelian genetics, if you cross a homozygous red flower with a homozygous white
flower you get 100% _________________________ _____________ flowers
What would you get if these flowers followed co-dominance instead of mendelian?
What would you get if these flowers followed incomplete dominance instead of
mendelian?
9. Define the following terms
a. Karyotype:
b. Trisomy 21:
c. Klinefelter’s Syndrome:
DNA Structure & Function
1. What is DNA and what does it stand for?
2. What is DNA composed of? Draw a model below and label each part.
3. What is the shape of DNA and which 2 male scientists received the fame for discovering
this?
4. Explain what would happen if there was a mutation in someone’s DNA.
5. In DNA replication _________________________ first unzips the genes by breaking
hydrogen bonds between base pairs, and __________________________________
adds new nucleotides to create a complementary strand.
6. What is the base-pairing rule?
RNA & Protein Synthesis
1. What is RNA and what does it stand for?
2. What are the components of RNA? List all the nitrogen bases RNA can have.
3. Identify 3 main differences between RNA and DNA.
4. 3 RNA bases are called a _____________ and code for 1 ___________________ which
create a long chain called a ______________________.
5. Define transcription:
a. Translation:
6. Using the base-pairing rules, fill in the mRNA sequence that would be transcribed from
the following strand of DNA. Then use the Genetic Code Wheel to determine the amino
acid sequence that would then be translated:
T--A--C--A--A--G--T--A--C--T--T--G--T--T--T
mRNA: _________________________________________________
amino acids: _____________________________________________
7. Mutations change which protein gets made, thus altering a characteristic. Briefly
summarize each of the types of mutations below:
a. Deletion:
b. Addition:
c. Substitution:
8. Which of the above mutation(s) are more destructive because they cause a frame-shift?
Evolution
1. Who was Darwin and what did he study?
2. What is Evolution?
3. What is Natural Selection and how does this differ from evolution?
4. What are the main components of natural selection?
5. “Fitness” is determined by whichever animal ________________ to
_____________________.
6. Explain how each of the following is used to date fossils
a. Relative dating:
b. Absolute dating (radioactive):
7. If carbon-14 has a half-life of 4 billion years and you find a fossil that is 25% carbon-14,
how old can you determine that fossil is?
8. What is the most compelling evidence of evolution (at least 3)?
Photosynthesis
1. What is the balanced chemical formula for photosynthesis?
2. Where does the CO2 come from and how does it enter the plant?
3. In photosynthesis, energy is stored in the form of glucose within the cell. What was the
original source of energy used to do this?__________________________
4. Summarize the light-dependent reaction and identify where it occurs.
5. Summarize the Calvin cycle and identify where it occurs.
6. What is global warming? How do plants help with this issue?
Cellular Respiration
1. What is the balanced chemical formula for cellular respiration?
2. What are autotrophs? Heterotrophs?
3. Summarize the steps of cellular respiration and how much ATP is produced by each.
4. Compare/contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration.