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BIOLOGY FIRST SEMESTER STUDY GUIDE:
Don’t wait until the last minute to study all the information below.
It’s a good idea to buddy up with someone.
STUDY YOUR LECTURE NOTES!!!
All of these terms will be on your FINAL EXAM!!!
These Terms are roughly in Lecture Order:
Biology and Science – definitions
Hypothesis, Theory, and Law
Scientific Method – know all 5 steps
Metric System – Meters, Liters, and Grams
Cells and Homeostasis - definitions
Microscope – know all 14 parts
Magnification – math calculations
Matter vs. Mass
Covalent vs. Ionic Compounds
pH Scale – Acids and Bases
Hydronium vs. Hydroxide Ions
Biochemistry – Monomers and Polymers
Macromolecules – Carbs., Proteins, and Lipids
Phospholipid Bilayer – Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic
Enzyme and Enzyme Activity
Cells – Structure and Function of Organelles
Cell Theory and Cell Shapes
Cell Surface Area – To – Volume Ratio
Cell Membrane – Selectively Permeability
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Passive vs. Active Transport
Diffusion and Osmosis
Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic
Cytolysis and Plasmolysis
Carrier Proteins and Ion Channels
Sodium – Potassium Pump
Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis
Equation for Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Location of Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Process of Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Why is Green the worst color for Photosynthesis?
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration
Genetics and Heredity
Genes and Alleles
Dominant and Recessive
Homozygous and Heterozygous
Chromatids and Centromeres
Homologous Chromosomes
Diploid vs. Haploid
Cell Division and Reproduction
Chromosome Numbers (46 and 23)
Cell Cycle and Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Mitosis – Cell Duplication of Body Cells (PMATC)
Meiosis I and Meiosis II – Sex Cells (I P MAT – C)
Body Cells (Somas) and Sex Cells (Gametes)
Crossing Over – Prophase I
Law of Segregation and Independent Assortment
Punnett Squares and Pedigrees
Phenotypes vs. Genotypes
Phenotypic and Genotypic Ratios & Probability
Identify phenotypes & genotypes in Punnett Square
Identify phenotypes & genotypes in Pedigrees
Genetic Mutations and how they arise
Sex Linked Traits and Multiple Alleles
Incomplete Dominance and Codominance
Trisomy and Monosomy
Karyotyping
Determining Blood Types in Punnett Squares
Structure of DNA and RNA
Nucleotides – three main parts
Nitrogen-Containing Bases – four different types
Purines and Pyrimidines – base pairing rule
DNA vs. RNA – differences between them
Types of RNA – mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
Protein Synthesis (Central Dogma)
1 – Replication (DNA  DNA)
2 – Transcription (DNA  RNA)
3 – Genetic Code (RNA  Amino Acids)
4 – Translation (Amino Acids  Protein)
DNA Helicases and DNA Polymerases
Genetic Code and the Codon Table
3 Nucleotides (Triplet)  Codon  Amino Acid
DNA Sequence  RNA Seq.  Codons  A.A.’s
Codons (mRNA) and Anticodons (tRNA)
Amino Acids  Polypeptides  Proteins
R group in the Amino Acid Structure
Plasmids
Transgenic Organism