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Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ SECTION 13-1 REVIEW DNA TECHNOLOGY VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms. 1. DNA fingerprint _________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. gel electrophoresis _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. probe __________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4. primer _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank. _____ 1. To cut DNA molecules into pieces at specific sequences of nucleotides, genetic engineers use a. cloning vectors. c. bacteria. b. insulin. d. restriction enzymes. _____ 2. In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments migrate toward one end of a gel because they are a. pulled toward that end by gravity. b. attracted to complementary DNA fragments at that end of the gel. c. attracted to the positively charged end of the gel. d. repelled by hydrophobic molecules at the other end of the gel. _____ 3. The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting can be increased by comparing a. segments of DNA that tend to vary the least from person to person. b. noncoding segments from several loci. c. DNA from identical twins. d. repeat patterns at only one or two sites in the genome. _____ 4. In addition to DNA polymerase and primers, the polymerase chain reaction also requires a. a large amount of DNA. c. a supply of the four DNA nucleotides. b. restriction enzymes. d. complementary sequences of RNA. _____ 5. To obtain bacteria that produce insulin, genetic engineers a. remove repressor proteins that inhibit the expression of the bacterial insulin gene. b. insert a vector containing the human gene for insulin into bacteria. c. search for bacteria that can grow in a medium that lacks insulin. d. grow normal bacteria in a nutrient medium that contains a large amount of sugar. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Biology 65 DNA Technology Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided. 1. How are radioactive probes useful in DNA fingerprinting? _______________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. How is the polymerase chain reaction useful in DNA fingerprinting? _______ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. Critical Thinking Why is it necessary to use the same restriction enzyme to cut two pieces of DNA that are to be joined together? ___________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4. List three ways that DNA technology could be used to improve the lives of humans. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS In the spaces provided, write the names for the objects labeled a–f. The diagram below summarizes the procedure for transferring a human gene into a bacterium. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Biology 66 DNA Technology Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ SECTION 13-2 REVIEW THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms. 1. proteomics _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. bioinformatics ___________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4. Human Genome Project ___________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank. _____ 1. One of the goals of the Human Genome Project is to a. increase the number of genes in the human genome. b. map the location of only the most important genes on each chromosome. c. clone the entire human genome in bacteria. d. determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome. _____ 2. One of the surprising discoveries of the Human Genome Project was that a. the human genome consists of only about 30,000 to 40,000 genes. b. 98 percent of the human genome codes for proteins. c. each gene encodes only a single protein. d. the human genome contains no transposons. _____ 3. An understanding of the human genome is aided by an understanding of a. mathematics. c. DNA fingerprints. b. computer science. d. the genomes of model species. _____ 4. What percentage of the human genome codes for proteins? a. 98 percent b. 10 percent c. 25 percent d. 2 percent _____ 5. A DNA microarray is an important tool because it a. can cure cancer. c. identifies an individual. b. shows which genes are active in a cell. d. dyes tumor cells to kill them. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Biology 67 The Human Genome Project Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided. 1. Why did scientists want to map the human genome? _____________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. List three important discoveries that resulted from the Human Genome Project. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. Critical Thinking Why is it more important to understand the human proteome than the human genome? __________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Use the table to answer the following questions in the spaces provided. 1. What is the Kingdom relationship, if any, between the complexity of an Archaebacteria organism and the size Eubacteria of its genome? _____________________ _____________________ Protista Fungi Plantae _____________________ _____________________ Animalia _____________________ _____________________ Organism (common name) Pyrococcus Chlamydia E. coli Amoeba Yeast Mustard Easter lily Fruitfly Roundworm Frog Human Mouse Zebrafish Genome size (million bases) Number of genes 1.9 2,065 1.0 4.6 34 12 125 100,000 120 97 1,700 3,300 3,630 894 4,289 ~9,000 6,000 23,174 ~25,000 13,600 19,049 ~30,000 35,000 ~30,000 1,700 ~3,000 2. What might explain why there is not a direct relationship between the size of an organism’s genome and the number of genes it contains? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Biology 68 The Human Genome Project Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ SECTION 13-3 REVIEW GENETIC ENGINEERING VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms. 1. DNA vaccine ___________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. telomere _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. bioethics _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4. gene therapy ____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank. _____ 1. Many of the pharmaceutical products being produced by DNA technology are a. carbohydrates. b. lipids. c. proteins. d. polysaccharides. _____ 2. When the human body mobilizes its defenses against a pathogen, the body recognizes the pathogen’s a. surface proteins.b. DNA. c. RNA. d. genome. _____ 3. DNA technology is being used to develop crop plants that are a. less toxic to the pests that c. unable to fix nitrogen in normally feed on them the atmosphere. d. resistant to some diseases. b. more susceptible to herbicides. _____ 4. Scientists have inserted genes into rice plants that a. code for enzymes that cause rice to ripen quickly. b. increase the iron and beta carotene levels. c. code for substances that cause allergies in people. d. increase the thickness of the seed coat. _____ 5. Some people are concerned that genetically engineered crop plants could a. transmit their new genes to wild plant species, producing “superweeds.” b. transmit their new genes to the animals that eat the plants, producing “superanimals.” c. exchange genes with animals, producing plant-animal hybrids. d. be wiped out by native plant species. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Biology 69 Genetic Engineering Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided. 1. How does a DNA vaccine prevent future disease? ______________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. If Dolly’s cloning was successful, why was her lifespan shorter than normal? _ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. Why doesn’t gene therapy cure cystic fibrosis? _________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4. Describe a potential problem that could arise from genetic engineering. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 5. Critical Thinking What is a possible beneficial change besides those mentioned in the text that could be made to crop plants using DNA technology? ____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The flowchart below summarizes some of the successes of genetic engineering. Complete the chart by filling in the blanks. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Biology 70 Genetic Engineering