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The Future of Genetics Research Lesson 7 Human Genome Project • 13 year project to sequence human genome and other species (fruit fly, mice yeast, nematodes, E. coli etc…) Time line • Pg 260-261 text Human Genome • Only 2% of nucleotides in human genome code for all the proteins in body • 25 000 genes was much less than predicted • Over 50% of genome is repeating sequences • Very little genetic variation within our species – 99.9% of all humans is exactly the same Bioinfromatics • A field of study that deals with using computer technology to create and analyze a large database of biological information • Today we have huge databases of protein and DNA information • NCBI Genomics • The study of genomes and the complex interactions of genes that result in phenotypes • Can study genetic diseases as well as genetic susceptibility to disease Single Nuclear Polymorphisms (SNPs) • SNPs can account for genetic diseases Gene Expression • If all cells in the human body have the EXACT same DNA sequence why is a heart cell so different from a nerve cell? Microarrays Microarray http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNsThMNjKhM&feature=related Epigenetics • “above the genome” • Study of how changes in the inheritance of certain traits or phenotypes are based on changes to gene function and not to changes in DNA sequence • Epigenetic changes respond to changes to environmental changes, but not considered evolution, because no changes in DNA sequence. • This is Nobel prize worthy stuff! Epigenetics http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RfgaolrDn8