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Download NOTES: 12.2 – 12.3 – DNA Structure
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NOTES: 12.2 – 12.3 – DNA Structure & Replication 12.2 - DNA Structure ● it was known that DNA was made up of nucleotides joined into long strands by covalent bonds…but HOW were they connected…what was the structure? ●Made up of . ● Each nucleotide composed of 3 parts: - ( ) • Adenine ( ) • Guanine ( ) • Thymine ( ) • Cytosine ( ) Chargaff’s Rules Source of DNA Streptococcus Yeast Herring Human Percentage of Bases in Four Organisms A T G 29.8 31.6 20.5 31.3 32.9 18.7 27.8 27.5 22.2 30.9 29.4 19.9 C 18.0 17.1 22.6 19.8 What do these data suggest to you? ● ● What DNA Looks Like: ● Rosalind Franklin: used X-Ray diffraction patterns to discover that DNA strands ● Watson & Crick: while trying to build a 3-D model of DNA, Watson was shown Franklin’s photograph and measurements and within weeks, he and Crick figured out the structure of DNA (“twisted ladder”) DNA Structure = ● Backbone: & of each nucleotide ● “Steps of Ladder:” ● Any base sequence is possible! What’s holding the strands together? ● !!! ● Hydrogen Bonds form between base pairs as well as between base pairs 12.3: DNA REPLICATION The Review ● Prokaryotic cells do -DNA molecules are located in the cytoplasm -Usually a circular DNA molecule and it is referred to as the cells chromosome ● Eukaryotic cells -Can have 1000x more DNA than prokaryotic cells -DNA is located in the form of a number of chromosomes -# of chromosomes varies widely from species to species DNA molecules are long…how does DNA fit in the nucleus? ● It forms ! ● DNA coils around proteins called and then this chromatin supercoils around itself until form DNA Replication ● before a cell divides, it must its DNA so that all cells have a copy of the genetic instructions ● this process involves A LOT of ! ●each half of the DNA double helix can serve as a " " for the replication of another DNA double helix molecule -The strands are said to be DNA REPLICATION: THE PROCESS 1) an enzyme (separates the 2 DNA strands) by breaking the bonds between base pairs 2) a is inserted to each side of the DNA strand with the help of 3) The sugar-phosphate groups are to the growing DNA chain ( 4) an enzyme ( will " “ “) ) " the order of bases & make corrections