* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Oct26 - Staff Web Pages
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Synthetic biology wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid tertiary structure wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Polyadenylation wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Frameshift mutation wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
History of RNA biology wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Transfer RNA wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher Date: October 26, 2007 Drill Name the two enzymes involved in DNA Replication. Helicase, polymerase Why is replication considered semi-conductive? When you copy the DNA, you keep half of the original stand. . DNA Replication = DNA-- DNA DNA is found in every cell When a cell divides each new cell receives an exact coy of the DNA molecule 1. Process begins when the DNA unwinds & the Free DNA nucleotides match up with the exposed strands. 2. Bonds are formed between complementary bases. DNA matching up RNA BOTH DNA One strand Made of 4 nucleotides Double Helix 1 Strand Blue Print for Da Cell Nucleotides: 2 strands Adenine Nucleotides: Uracel Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Not always in the nucleus Cytosine Ribose Always in Nucleus Shorter Sugar =Deoxyribose Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher Long, long, long DNA-contains the code to make proteins Replication takes place in the nucleus. Making exact copies of the DNA. DNA unzips and you wind up with 2 strands. DNA polymerase goes thru and matches up with the other side and you end of up two exact copies of DNA Transcription RNA polymerase unzips and makes one new strand from the sense strand and the unsense strand gets kick out and you are left with a new strand re-zipped. 3. Original DNA Strand acts as a Pattern or “TEMPLATE” 4. The Process Continues until both strands have complete copies. MUST TAKES PLACE IN THE NUCLEUS C. DNA & Cell Functions p.236 1. DNA controls cell functions by instructing the cell to manufacture proteins (ex. Proteins) 2. The nitrogen bases code for the Amino Acid (AA) in a protein 3. Three (3) Bases = 1 Amino Acid (AA) 4. Specific base triplets= specific AA (called a triplet) 5. Transcription 1. Occurs in the nucleus 2. Using DNA to make mRNA Transcription: production of mRNA copy of the DNA gene. Gene: Section of DNA within a chromosome that codes for the synthesis of one protein. There are roughly 20-30,000 genes on the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. Only 1 side of DNA in a gene gets transcribed: A. Sense Strand: Strand of DNA in a gene which has the same nucleotide sequence as the m-RNA (except with T instead of U). Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher B. Antisense Strand: Name of strand of DNA that is transcribed to create m-RNA. It is the template used for making m-RNA. RNA polymerase: enzyme that initiates transcription by binding to promoter (TAC code on DNA) at the 3' end of DNA Promoter site: sequences in the DNA strand which accept RNA polymerase and initiate transcription Elongation: mRNA bonds with DNA in small units, transcription bubble, adding bases Adenine to uracil & Guanine to cytosine, etc.. in the 5' to 3' direction (on the new m-RNA). Termination: stop signal disengages RNA polymerase [Transcription Diagram #1] [Transcription Diagram #2] Codon: sequence of 3 nucleotides on m-RNA that codes for one amino acid. Each amino acid has one to several different codons. A Site with a good beginning Animation of Transcription (Needs Shockwave) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Much of DNA is non-coding base sequences, not genes Intron: part of gene (DNA or mRNA) that does not code for polypeptide. It must be removed before translation. Exon: coding part of DNA (or mRNA). The exon is translated during protein synthesis. [How Introns are removed from m-RNA] -----------------------------------------------------------------------Translation: synthesis of protein by ribosomes Anticodon: the 3 nucleotide sequence on t-RNA which the ribosome must fit against m-RNA to ensure that the correct amino acid is placed in the growing protein during translation. Initiation: Initiates translation. rRNA polymerase of ribosome binds to mRNA strand. 1st tRNA is bonded to mRNA. Elongation: Ribosome reads mRNA chain in three nucleotide groups (codon) & inserts 2nd tRNA. tRNA anti-codon (with amino acid) binds to mRNA codon Translocation: 5' to 3' sequence continues building amino acid polymers (protein), one codon at a time. Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher Termination: tRNA recognizes release factors of nonsense codon. Newly completed polypeptide is released from ribosome http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/ibbio/chem/nucleic/chpt15/transcription.gif In translation, the mRNA strand created in transcription is read and translated into a protein. The mRNA binds to a ribosome, a large organelle found in the cytoplasm. The strand of mRNA is pulled through the ribosome three bases at a time. Each of these triplets on the mRNA strand is called a codon. Another type of RNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), reads the strand of mRNA and translates it into a strand of amino acids. A molecule of tRNA has at one end a set of three bases that will complement the RNA strand; this is called the anticodon. At the other end is a specific amino acid (see Figure 2.3). In this way, each set of three nitrogenous bases on the mRNA strand codes for a specific amino acid. As each codon is read, the tRNA brings in a new amino acid and the polypeptide chain grows. http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/~trevorc/techgt.html Transcription Translation Cells use the two-step process of transcription and translation to read each gene and produce the string of amino acids that makes up a protein. The basic rules for translating a gene into a protein are laid out in the Universal Genetic Code. RNA types 1. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): make up ribosomes 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA): transport amino acids to ribosomes 3. Messenger RNA (mRNA): copied from DNA, conveys information from chromosomes to ribosomes Transcription: production of mRNA copy of the DNA gene. Gene: Section of DNA within a chromosome that codes for the synthesis of one protein. There are roughly 20-30,000 genes on the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. Only 1 side of DNA in a gene gets transcribed: http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/BioInfo/TT/TscriptD.html A. Sense Strand: Strand of DNA in a gene which has the same nucleotide sequence as the m-RNA (except with T instead of U). Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher B. Antisense Strand: Name of strand of DNA that is transcribed to create m-RNA. It is the template used for making m-RNA. RNA polymerase: enzyme that initiates transcription by binding to promoter (TAC code on DNA) at the 3' end of DNA Promoter site: sequences in the DNA strand which accept RNA polymerase and initiate transcription Elongation: mRNA bonds with DNA in small units, transcription bubble, adding bases Adenine to Uracil & Guanine to cytosine, etc.. in the 5' to 3' direction (on the new m-RNA). Termination: stop signal disengages RNA polymerase ] Codon: sequence of 3 nucleotides on m-RNA that codes for one amino acid. Each amino acid has one to several different codons. A Site with a good beginning Animation of Transcription (Needs Shockwave) Much of DNA is non-coding base sequences, not genes Intron: part of gene (DNA or mRNA) that does not code for polypeptide. It must be removed before translation. Exon: coding part of DNA (or mRNA). The exon is translated during protein synthesis. Translation: synthesis of protein by ribosomes Anticodon: the 3 nucleotide sequence on t-RNA which the ribosome must fit against m-RNA to ensure that the correct amino acid is placed in the growing protein during translation. Initiation: Initiates translation. rRNA polymerase of ribosome binds to mRNA strand. 1st tRNA is bonded to mRNA. Elongation: Ribosome reads mRNA chain in three nucleotide groups (codon) & inserts 2nd tRNA. tRNA anti-codon (with amino acid) binds to mRNA codon Ribosomes ... are where translation occurs. Each ribosome is a complex of proteins and special RNA called ribosomal RNA (rRNA). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, active ribosomes are composed of two subunits called the large and small subunit. Bacterial ribosomes (prokaryotic) are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes. Translocation: 5' to 3' sequence continues building amino acid polymers (protein), one codon at a time. Termination: tRNA recognizes release factors of nonsense codon. Newly completed polypeptide is released from ribosome http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/ibbio/chem/nucleic/chpt15/chpt15.htm Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher Sequence of nucleotides in DNA of a gene is transcribed into mRNA. Ribosomes move along mRNA (5' to 3' direction) and read nucleotide sequence of mRNA one codon at a time. A codon is translated into an amino acid by a tRNA with complementary sequence basis for specificity between codon and amino acid lies in structure of tRNA. structure of tRNA (Fig 3.21): o o o o two dimensional shape like cloverleaf: 4 double-helical stems, plus 3 single stranded loops. middle loop contains anticodon, which binds with a specific codon in mRNA by complementary base pairing. 3'-end of tRNA carries an amino acid. Each tRNA specific for a only one amino acid. amino acids attached to 3'-end of tRNA (Fig 14.10)by enzymes called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Each amino acid has a specific synthetase (Fig 14.9). tRNAs with attached amino acid are said to be charged. Ribosomes are protein factories Each codon stands for a specific amino acid. There are 64 possible codons (triplet code) (Fig 14.5 ). http://www.langara.bc.ca/biology/mario/Biol2430notes/biol2430chap14.html http://www.langara.bc.ca/biology/mario/Assets/Geneticode.jpg o Using mRNA to make proteins at the ribosomes Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher o mRNA , ribosomes, 1) mRNA tRNA (page 187 in the book) When translation begins mRNA is bound to a complete ribosome so that the start codon is positioned in the P site, ready for the first amino acid of the protein chain. When both sites on the ribosomes are piled, a peptide bon can form and link the amino acids After the peptide bond is formed, mRNA shirts on the ribosome so that a new codon is present in the A site. The sequence of amino acids in a gene determines the primary structure of a protein, it begins to fold into a molecule with secondary and tertiary structures. Stop codon UAA, UAG, AA do not code for amino acids but instead signal translation to stop. Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/dna/trnacode.gif