Download Study Guide Genetics Final 2014

Genetics Study Guide
Ch. 11 Intro to Genetics
Review worksheets, Labs and homework.
See Ch. 11 Study Guide and vocabulary on p. 331.
Do Ch. 11 practice Assessment on p. 332
1. Define a “trait”.
2. Define a gene.
3. Define an allele.
4. Explain how dominant and recessive alleles determine the phenotype of an individual.
(principle of dominance).
8. Johnny and Lonni both have strawberry blond hair, which is an example of incomplete
dominance. Alleles are b = blond and r = red. What is the probablility that their child will
be red haired?
Show the cross:
___ ___ X ___ ___
Fill in the Punnett Square:
Probabilitiy = __________
6. What is meant by the Principle of Independent Assortment of genes? Explain.
Dihybrid Crosses
1. For this cross of mice B = black hair and b = white hair. L= Long tail and l= short tail.
Use the Punnett square below to cross a male and female mouse who are both
heterozygous for hair color and tail length.
2. What is the ratio of all possible phenotypes?
3. Now cross a mouse that is bbll X BbLl
4. What is the ratio of phenotypes?
5. Give an example of a trait with multiple alleles. What are the possible alleles?
11-4 Meiosis.
1. What is the product of cell division by meiosis? Where does this occur?
2. How is meiosis different than mitosis? What stage is visibly different?
3. Why is “crossing over” important in genetics? Explain it.
4. Some genes tend to show up together and are said to be linked. Why does this
happen?
5. What is a gamete?
6. How is the sex of offspring determined by gametes? Explain.
7. Draw each of the following:
a. one chromosome
b. one chromosome doubled
c. a pair of homologous chromosomes ( a tetrad). In what stage of meiosis are
these visible?
8. Define homologous chromosomes.
9. According to the Law of Independent Assortment, why do siblings look different if
they come from the same parents?
Chapter 12:DNA
1)
What does DNA stand for?
2)
What is the shape of the DNA molecule?
3)
Define Gene.
4)
Define Chromosome.
5)
What are the parts of a DNA nucleotide?
a.
b.
c.
6)
What are the 4 bases found in DNA and which ones form pairs or are
“complementary”? Give full names
7)
What happens during DNA replication? Explain
Chapter 13 RNA and Protein Synthesis
1.
What happens in DNA transcription? What bases pair up?
2.
What is meant by translation? What happens and where does it happen?
3.
How is RNA different from DNA? Three ways
4.
What are the different types of RNA and what is the function of each (3 types)
a.
b.
c.
5. Where are proteins synthesized (in the process of translation) and how is this
done? Explain each step.
6. Transcribe the following DNA code into RNA
DNA: A G G C T T A G C
RNA:_____________________
7. Use the codon chart to determine the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide resulting
from this RNA strand.
___________ ________________ _________________
8. In the example above, what would happen if there was a deletion or addition of one
base pair causing a “frameshift mutation? How is this different from a substitution
mutation?
9. Why does your body need to make proteins? What are they used for? Give several
examples.
10.
Chapter 14 Human Heredity
Section 14.1 Human Chromosomes
1. What is a Karyotype? Use the Karyotype lab for this.
2. How is an autosome different from a sex chromosome?
3. How is an X different from a y chromosome?
4. Use a Punnet square to show how gender is passed from parent to
offspring. Which parent’s chromosome determines the sex of a child? Why?
5. Compare and contrast dominant and recessive alleles. What is meant by a
“carrier” of a trait?
6. Use a Punnett square to show how co-dominant and multiple alleles such as
blood type are passed down from parent to offspring. Example: Cross IAi x IBi in
a Punnett square. List the phenotypes and genotypes produced.
7. Why are some genetic traits much more common in males than females?
Why is colorblindness mainly a male condition?
8. What are some examples of sex linked traits?
Human Pedigrees- Use a pedigree to analyze human inheritance and determine
genotype. Review worksheet and quiz.
14.2 Human genetic disorders
9. What causes Sickle cell Disease ?
10. What causes Cystic fibrosis?
11. How can a small change in DNA such as the deletion of just a few DNA
base pairs, result in a major disease causing mutation?
12. What is meant by non-disjunction? P. 401
What is the result?
13. Skill: If shown a Karyotype, be able to determine if there is a chromosomal
abnormality, as well as the gender of the person.
What causes the following conditions? Use Karyotyping Lab to review
a)
Down’s Syndrome?
b)
Turner’s Syndrome,
c)
Klinefelter’s syndrome,
d)
fragile X disease
e)
Edwards syndrome
f)
Cri du chat
14.3 Manipulating DNA
16. How is DNA cut into smaller fragments ?
17. Explain the process of Gel Electrophoresis (see lab report)
18. What properties of DNA does electrophoresis take advantage of in order to
separate DNA fragments ?
19. What were the goals of the Human Genome Project ?
20. What have we learned from the Human Genome project ? How many genes
do Humans have ?