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Name:_______________________________________________________________ 8.4: Transcription Transcription converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule. Gene: A specific region of DNA that codes for a particular protein RNA carries DNA’s instructions. • The central dogma states that information flows in one direction ______________________________________ • Through _______________________________________, DNA changes into RNA. • Through _______________________________________, RNA changes into a Protein. • The central dogma includes three processes: Replication, Transcription, Translation DNA contains the instructions to make proteins. RNA is a ___________ between DNA and proteins. RNA differs from DNA in three major ways. 1. DNA has a deoxyribose sugar, RNA has a _________________ sugar. 2. RNA has uracil instead of thymine (found in DNA) -________________________________________ 3. DNA is a double stranded molecule, RNA is _____________________. Transcription copies a piece of DNA (a gene) to make a strand of RNA. How does Transcription work? 1. Transcription is catalyzed by st RNA polymerase. -RNA polymerase and other proteins form _______________________________________. The transcription complex recognizes the start of a gene and unwinds a segment. 5. 2. _____________ strand of DNA serves as a template -Nucleotides pair with one strand of the DNA. -RNA polymerase bonds the nucleotides together. -The DNA helix ___________________ as the gene is transcribed. 3..The RNA strand _____________________________________ from the DNA once the gene is transcribed. Transcription makes three types of RNA. – Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the message that will be translated to form a _______________. – Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms part of _______________________________ where proteins are made. – Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings __________________________________________(protein building blocks) from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to build the protein. The transcription process is similar to replication. -Transcription and replication both involve complex enzymes and complementary _________________. *Both processes take place in the nucleus -The two processes have different end results. * Replication copies all the ________________; transcription copies a gene. * Replication makes _____________ copy; transcription can make many copies. 8.5 Translation Translation converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide, or protein. Amino acids (protein building blocks) are coded for by mRNA base sequences. • A _______________________ is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid. • The genetic code matches each codon to its amino acid or function. • three ______________ codons signal the end of a chain of amino acids. • one ________________ codon, codes for methionine and to start translation Reading frame: multiple codons that code for a chain of amino acids. *A change in the order in which codons are read changes the resulting _________________ – this is why having a clear “start” and “______________” is important. ***** Common (universal) language: Regardless of the organism, codons code for the same _______________________________. What happens during translation? *Amino acids are linked to become a protein. • An ___________________________________ is a set of three nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA codon. • An anticodon is carried by a _________________. tRNA carries amino acids from cytoplasm to the ____________________to become part of the growing protein. EXAMPLE: mRNA codon=GUU tRNA anticodon=CAA Amino acid=Valine Where does translation happen? • Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. They are located in the _________________________ and on the rough ER. • Ribosomes are made of rRNA & ______________________. They have a large & small subunit. • Helps form ________________________________ between amino acids. How does translation happen? 1. For translation to begin, ____________ binds to a start codon (Met in picture) and signals the ribosome to assemble. -A complementary tRNA molecule binds to the exposed ____________ (Leu in picture), bringing its amino acid close to the first amino acid. 2. The ribosome helps form a polypeptide bond between the amino acids. -The ribosome pulls the _____________________ strand the length of one codon. 3. The now empty tRNA molecule exits the ribosome. -A complementary tRNA molecule _______________________________________ exposed codon. -Once the stop codon is reached, the ribosome _______________________ the protein and disassembles. Overall Translation: Transcription and Translation: