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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REVIEW SHEET Chapter Readings Chapter 5 Section 4 – Proteins perform most functions in cells. Chapter 9 Section 1 – All cells come from cells. Section 2 – The cell cycle multiples cells. Section 3 – Cells divide during the mitotic phase. Section 4 – Cancer cells grow and divide out of control. Chapter 11 Section 1 – Genes are made of DNA. Section 2 – Nucleic acids store information in their sequences of chemical units. Section 3 – DNA replication is the molecular mechanism of inheritance. Section 4 – A gene provides the information for making a specific protein. Section 5 – There are two main steps from gene to protein. Section 6 – Mutations can change the meaning of genes. Chapter 12 Section 1 – The nucleus contains an information-rich genome. Questions 1. What category of organic molecules does DNA belong to? 2. What does DNA stand for? 3. Name the three people who won the Nobel prize for their work leading to the discovery of DNA structure. Identify which two worked together, and explain the methods that they used in determining the structure of DNA. 4. Name the female who didn’t win a Novel prize. Identify who she worked with, and explain the method that they used in helping to discover the structure of DNA. 5. Diagram and label the parts of a DNA nucleotide. Which of these parts is DNA named after? 6. Name the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA. Which are pyrimidines? Which are purines? Describe how pyrimidines and purines look different from each other, and how they were important in determining DNA structure. 7. What are the bonding rules for DNA nitrogenous bases? Whose research was most responsible in helping Watson and Crick to determine the bonding rules? 8. How was Linus Pauling involved in the discovery of DNA’s structure? Was his work more like that of Watson and Crick or Franklin and Wilkins? 9. Diagram the bonding of three nucleotides on one strand with the three nucleotides on the other strand. Label the location of the sugar phosphate backbones and the weak hydrogen bonds. How wide is DNA? What is the distance between two adjacent nitrogenous bases? What is the distance of a full turn in the DNA molecule? 10. Where is DNA found in a cell? How does DNA aid the cell in carrying out its function as a place where chemical reactions occur? 11. Describe experiments of Griffith, Avery et. al, and Hershey and Chase and explain how they were important in determining that DNA was the hereditary information. 12. Who first extracted DNA? Where did he get the DNA from? What characteristics did he find that the DNA had? From your knowledge of DNA, which of his discoveries makes the most sense? Explain. 13. What does RNA stand for? 14. Diagram and label the parts of a RNA nucleotide. Which of these parts is the RNA named after? 15. Name the three different types of RNA. What is the function of each of these types of RNA? 16. What does DNA hold the information for making? Diagram the central dogma? 17. Name the two processes that have to occur to convert the sequence of DNA letters into a sequence of amino acids? Where does each of these processes occur? Which type of RNA solves the problem that exists because DNA can’t leave the nucleus of the cell? 18. List and diagram the steps that occur in transcription. Transcribe the following DNA sequence: ATC CGG TTA GGG TAG 19. List and diagram the steps that occur in translation. Translate the following following mRNA sequence: AUG GAA UUU CCU ACC 20. Draw a tRNA molecule and label the two parts that it has at its top and bottom. What does tRNA transfer? Where does it transfer it? 21. Diagram the first three tRNA molecules that would bond with the mRNA sequence given in 18. 22. How many difference amino acids does the genetic code code for? What are the two major categories of the amino acids? Describe how the characteristics of amino acids in these categories is important to the shape of proteins in the membrane and in the watery environment of the cell cytoplasm. 23. What is a gene? 24. What is a codon? And anticodon? 25. What is a genome? How many nucleotides are found in the human genome? How many chromosomes are found in our cells? How many nucleotides are found in a typical virus? 26. What was the goal of the Human Genome Project? Describe the role of Francis Collins and Craig Ventor in this project. 27. Name the common gene mutations and demonstrate each using the following DNA sequence: ATC CGG TTA GGG TAG 28. Describe how substitutions (point mutations) and base pair deletions and additions (frameshift mutations) may affect the protein that is formed. Which of these two types of mutations is more likely to result in poorly folded protein? 29. Name the three major stages of the cell cycle. Describe the general goal of each stage. Name and diagram the three forms that DNA takes while in the stages of the cell cycle. Diagram and describe how proteins important in the coiling or packing of DNA in the nucleus. 30. Name the three phases of interphase. What happens in each of these phases? 31. Name the four phases of mitosis. Diagram each of the phases of mitosis, including what is happening to the nuclear membrane, the centrioles and spindle fibers, and the chromosomes. 32. Name the early stages that a zygote passes through as it develops into a multicellular adult organism. What are the characteristics of cells during early embryological development? What are the characteristics of most cells during adulthood? 33. Name the two types of tumors. What are the characteristics of cancer cells? Compare and contrast cancer cells with the cells of embryos and adults. 34. Name three things that cause cancer? Name and describe manners in which cancer is treated. What are some of the common side effects of some cancer treatments? Why do these common side effects make sense? 35. Diagram and label the structure of an amino acid. Vocabulary Chapter 5 Protein Side chain amino acid R-group amino group carboxyl group Chapter 9 Chromatin Centromere Interphase Mitosis Prophase Benign tumor chromosomes telomere G1 cytokinesis metaphase malignant tumor sister chromatids cell division S spindle fibers anaphase cancer chromatids cell cycle G2 centrioles telophase metastasis Chapter 11 DNA Nitrogenous base James Watson Linus Pauling DNA polymerase RNA Triplet code Exons Ribosomal RNA Base deletion nucleotide pyrimidines Francis Crick Erwin Chargaff gene transcription messenger RNA RNA splicing protein synthesis base addition phosphate group purines Rosalind Franklin Johann Meischner polypeptide translation RNA polymerase transfer RNA mutations mutagens sugar double helix Maurice Wilkins DNA replication Beadle & Tatum codon introns anticodon base substitution histones helical fiber supercoil Chapter 12 Genome nucleosome Other Adenine x-ray diffraction cytosine hydrogen bonds thymine guanine sugar phosphate backbone