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Chapter 12.1 & 12.2 ~ VOCABULARY
Vocabulary
Bacteriophage
Chromatin
Histone
Replication
Base-pairing
DNA polyermase
Nucleotides
Transformation
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA)
Definition
Picture
Chapter 12.3 ~ VOCABULARY
Vocabulary
Definition
Anticodon
Gene
Promoter
Transcription
Codon
Intron
Ribosomal RNA
(rRNA)
Transfer RNA
(tRNA)
Messenger RNA
(mRNA)
Exon
RNA polymerase
Translation
Chapter 12.1 ~ DNA structure
Picture
The Components and Structures of DNA
Long molecule made up of ________________________________
3 basic components of a nucleotide:
____________________________________- a 5 carbon sugar
____________________________________
____________________________________- contains nitrogen
The Components and Structures of DNA
4 kinds of nitrogenous bases:
Purines- 2 rings
____________________________________
____________________________________
Pyrimidines- 1 ring
____________________________________
____________________________________
The Components and Structures of DNA
Backbone formed by:
________________________________________
________________________________________
Nitrogenous ______________________________ stick out from these
T
Chargaff
Compared amounts of
A
nitrogenous bases:
Came up with the following rule:
______________________________________________:
G
C
Amount of ________________________ equal to amount of ___________________________
{ G=C }
Amount of _________________________ equal to amount of ___________________________
{ A=T}
The Components and Structures of DNA
_______________________________________ ______________________________________
Found X shape
Shows _____________________________ strands twisted around each other
The Components and Structures of DNA
______________________________________________Built ____________________________________ of DNA after seeing Franklins x-ray image of DNA
________________________________________________
Twisted ladder or spiral staircase
________________________________________________ hold bases together
Adenine bonds to thymine
Cytosine bonds to guanine
So…..WHO DISCOVERED DNA?
Watson & Crick
First model of DNA
Rosalind Franklin
X-ray diffraction
Watson & Crick
Watson & Crick had ideas but no proof
Franklin had the proof but didn’t know what it was
Watson & Crick saw Franklin’s X-ray diffraction and could decipher the structure/shape of DNA
3 Important Things that DNA does…
____________________________________________________ from one generation to the next
Determines ____________________________________________ characteristics
Can be easily ___________________________________________
Must be in order to be copied every time a cell divides
Ch. 12.2 ~CHROMOSOMES AND DNA REPLICATION
Some terms to distinguish
DNA
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
Chromosomes are coiled DNA
Prokaryotes
 DNA found in ______________________________________
- 1 large chromosome
Eukaryotes
DNA found in _______________________________________
____________________________________________________
Humans: 46 chromosomes
Drosophila (fruit fly): 8 chromosomes
DNA must be highly structured in order to fit into such a small space!
Prokaryotes
1.6mm of DNA
Eukaryotes
Prokaryote
1 m of DNA
1 chromosomes = 30 million base pairs!
Eukaryote
Structure of Coiled DNA
DNA
–__________________________________________
____________________________________________
–Proteins that DNA wraps around
____________________________________________
–8 histones + DNA = Nucleosome
 Nucleosomes wrap around and around each other to form:
______________________________________
–Highly coiled DNA
Histones
Complementary Base Pairing
WHEN DNA IS UNZIPPED…….
Each strand is a _________________________________________ for a new strand….
When do cells need to duplicate their DNA…
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________,
the __________________________ unzips DNA molecule into two strands
__________________________- then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of
base-pairing.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic DNA replication
Prokaryotes
____________________replication ________________________
Area where DNA opens
DNA replication starts in one place and proceeds in both directions until it’s finished
Eukaryotes
MUCH larger molecule
_______________________________ replication forks along the molecule
Steps in DNA replication
1. DNA molecule ___________________________________
•______________________ break the ___________-bonds
2. The two strands ________________________________
•Each strand serves as a _________________________________
3_______________________________________ adds new nucleotides to the unzipped strand
•Polymerize = get bigger; grow; add
4. __________________________________ also proof-reads the newly constructed DNA strand
Chapter 12.3 ~ PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Protein Synthesis in a nutshell…..
DNA  RNA  Protein
What is RNA???
RNA Differs from DNA
1.RNA has a sugar ________________________________
 DNA has a sugar ____________________________________
2.RNA contains the base ________________________ (U)
 DNA has _____________________________ (T)
3.RNA molecule is _______________________________________
 DNA is _________________________________________
Three Types of RNA
 Messenger RNA (_________________) ______________________ genetic information to the ribosomes
 Ribosomal RNA (__________________), ______________________ the protein from mRNA’s information
 Transfer RNA (__________________) ________________________ amino acids to rRNA where proteins
are synthesized (made)
Pathway to Making a Protein
1. DNA (Grandma’s Cookbook)
2. mRNA (copy of recipe)
3. rRNA (Head Chef)
4. tRNA (assistant cook)
5. Protein (final product)
Players of Protein Synthesis….
DNA (grandmas cookbook)
•Instructions for making everything you need (especially proteins)
•Don’t want to destroy it! ___________________________________! Can’t take it out of the nucleus
•Want to ________________________________________ of what you need to make
mRNA (copy of recipe)
•Copy of _________________________________________________________________
•Recipe for making a ____________________________________________________
•__________________________________________ makes transcribes the section of DNA
•Need to take recipe out of nucleus to __________________________________ (kitchen)
rRNA (head chef)
•“____________________” __________________________(recipe) and starts cooking!
•Reads 3 letters at a time
–3 letters = ______________________________________
•Assembles all ingredients (___________________________________) to make final product.
NEEDS HELP though……
_________________ (assistant chef)
•Helps rRNA (head chef) by going to __________________________________________
(amino acids)
–________________________________________ amino acids to choose from
•Brings them to ____________________________ so he can assemble them
Final Product
•Final Product = _____________________________________________
•REMEMBER
•Proteins made up of amino acids
Ch. 12.4 ~ Mutations
Mutations
Latin for “change”
____________________________ in ______________________________ material
Kinds of Mutations
Two major kinds:
_________________________________________ mutationsChanges only one gene on chromosome
_________________________________________ mutationsChanges the entire chromosome
Gene Mutations
___________________________ mutationEffects _____________________________________________________________
TYPES: Substitutions, Insertions, and Deletions
____________________________ mutation
Deletion, insertion
Gene Mutations
_________________________________:
_________________________________________________________________________________
ACU
Threonine
ACU
Threonine
GGC
Glycine
UAA
Leucine
UCG
Serine
GUC
Valine
UAA
Leucine
UCG
Serine
Usually only effects 1 – 2 amino acids
Gene Mutations
__________________________________ (frameshift):
A _____________________________________________________ to the code
Can be much more damaging
Effects entire code after mutation


Gene Mutations
ACU
ACU
GGC
GGG
UAA
CUA
UCG
AUC
_____________________________ (frameshift)
A _______________________________________________________ from the code
Can be very damaging
Effects entire code after mutation
ACU
GGC
UAA
UCG
Threonine
Glycine
Leucine
Serine
GCU
AAU
CGA
Alanine
Asparagine
Arginine
ACU
Threonine
Chromosomal Mutation
Change in the ___________________________ or ______________________________ of a chromosome
May _________________________________________________________ of genes on chromosomes
Chromosomal Mutation
Four types:
________________________________________
Loss of all or part of chromosome
________________________________________
Extra
copies of parts of chromosome
________________________________________
Reverse
direction of parts of chromosome
________________________________________
One
part of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to another chromosome
_______________________________
Most mutations have little or no effect
Dramatic changes are usually harmful and disrupt normal functions
Often will not develop as an embryo
Can be a _______________________________________________________________________________
Very beneficial (good)
Ex. Strawberry
Polyploidy
Plant and animal breeders use the mutation of ___________________________ to their benefit
The resulting offspring have 3 copies of chromosome instead of 2.
Often larger and stronger organisms
Mutations
Can be deadly, however can also be good or have no result!
And some are just strange.
DNA coloring
Color all the thymines orange.
Color all the sugars (deoxyribose-D) blue
Color all the adenines green.
Color all the phosphates (P) red
Color all the guanines purple.
Color all the cytosines yellow.
1. Write out the full name for DNA.
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Where in the cell is DNA located?
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Other than the nucleus, DNA can be found in what two organelles? (Hint: think of a plant
cell)
_______________________________________________________________________
4. What two scientists are credited with establishing the structure of DNA?
_______________________________________________________________________
5. What other female scientist played a pivotal role in the discovery of DNA?
_______________________________________________________________________
6. What is the shape of DNA?
_______________________________________________________________________
7. What are the sides of the DNA “ladder” made of?
_______________________________________________________________________
8. What are the "rungs" of the DNA ladder made of?
_______________________________________________________________________
9. What sugar is found in DNA?
_______________________________________________________________________
10. How do the bases bond together?
A bonds with _____ ; C bonds with _______
11. DNA is made of repeating units called
_______________________________________________________________________
DNA REPLICATION
http://tinyurl.com/yewywhs
MOLECULAR MACHINES COPY DNA
1. How many cells does your body produce every day?
2. Each time your cell divides, what must it do first?
3. How long does it take to copy your DNA in a cell?
4. How does your cell “Speed up “the process?
5. Explain what is happening to the DNA as it is being copied?
COMPLEMENTARY BASE PARING
6. What kind of bond holds the nucleotides that make up DNA together?
7. These bonds work “kind of like” ____________________.
8. Label the parts of the nucleotide to the right
DNA Webquest
Objective: Students will browse the Genetics Science Learning Center Website to learn
about basic genetics, including the structure of DNA, transcription and translation.
Answer the questions as you browse through the site topics.
Site Location: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/
1. List three topics listed on the main page.
Click on the link that says "Tour the Basics" .
What is DNA?
2. What does DNA stand for? _____________________________________________
3. Why is DNA called a blueprint? _____________________________________________________
4. The "twisted ladder" shape of the DNA molecule is called a _____________
_______________
5. Name the four bases found in a DNA molecule: _____________________________________________
6. A DNA strand is made of _______________ which make up _______________ which make up sentences.
7. These “sentences” are called _________________________________________________________
What is a Gene? Hint - Look at the navigation bar at the top, you'll need to click on "What is a Gene" to continue.
8. What is a gene? ________________________________________________________
9. Blood cells use a protein called _________________________________ to capture and carry oxygen.
10. When a gene is changed, it is said to be _________________________________________________
11. A mutation in the hemoglobin gene causes what disorder: _____________________________________
What is a Chromosome?
12. If you stretched out all the DNA from a single cell, how long would it be?? _________________________
13. How many chromosomes are in a human cell? _____ a mosquito? _____ a carp? _____
What is a Protein?
14. How is a protein like a car engine? _____________________________________________________
15. Receptor proteins are responsible for picking up ___________________________________________
16. Each gene in DNA encodes information on how to make a ____________________________________
17. Once in the cytoplasm, the ___________________________ reads the message.
What is Heredity?
18. The passing of traits from parents to child is the basis of ____________________________
19. Every child receives______________ of its chromosomes from his mother and half from his __________
20. When a sperm and egg join, they create a single cell called a ___________________________________
21. Each child inherits a __________________________ set of chromosomes.
“What is a Trait?”
22. Give an example of a physical trait: _________________________________________________
23. A dog fetching a bone is an example of what kind of trait? _________________________________
24. Scientists describe the set of information for each form of trait as an __________________________
"Build a DNA Molecule" 
Return to the main page and click on “DNA to Protein”
25. Build a DNA molecule. What is the base pair rule? ________________________________________
26. Run the DNA builder and play with it for a little while. Draw your DNA below (you can use the side view).
“DNA to Protein"
(you will need to return to home page to find this link)
27. Read the description of the process toward the bottom of the page. The human genome contain more than
______________________genes.
28. The cell uses a 2 step process of ___________________ and ______________________ to read each
gene.
29. Follow the instructions for the activity. List the 5 amino acids in the sequence you created.
___________________________________________________________________________________
"What Makes a Firefly Glow"
30. Fireflies glow to attract a __________________ and to avoid ______________________
31. RNA polymerase binds to the ______________________ gene.
32. When transcription is complete, the LUC mRNA moves to the _____________________
33. The ribosome interprets the mRNA to produce a string of _____________________________
34. In order to become a functioning luciferase enzyme, the string must ____________________________
35. The enzymes bind to ____________________________to create light.
How DNA Controls the Workings of the Cell
Below are two partial sequences of DNA bases (shown for only one strand of DNA) Sequence 1 is
from a human and sequence 2 is from a cow. In both humans and cows, this sequence is part of a
set of instructions for controlling a bodily function. In this case, the sequence contains the gene to
make the protein insulin. Insulin is necessary for the uptake of sugar from the blood. Without insulin,
a person cannot use to digest sugars the same way others can, and they have a disease called
diabetes.
Using the DNA sequence, make a complimentary
RNA strand from both the human and the cow.
Write the RNA directly below the DNA strand
(remember to substitute U’s for T’s in RNA)
Use the codon table in your book to
determine what amino acids are assembled
to make the insulin protein in both the cow
and the human. Write your amino acid chain
directly below the RNA sequence.
Sequence 1 – Human
DNA :
C C A T A G C A C G T T A C A A C G T G A A G G T A A
RNA :
Amino Acids:
Sequence 2 – Cow
DNA :
C C G T A G C A T G T T A C A A C G C G A A G G C A C
RNA:
Amino Acids:
Analysis
1. The DNA sequence is different for the cow and the human, but the amino acid chain produced by
the sequence is almost the same. How can this happen?
2. Could two humans (or two cows) have some differences in the DNA sequence for insulin, yet still
make exactly the same insulin proteins? Explain.
MUTATIONS
Diabetes is a disease characterized by the inability to break down sugars. Often a person with
diabetes has a defective DNA sequence that codes for the making of the insulin protein. This
mutation is called a POINT MUTATION because only one amino acid is affected.
3. Suppose a person has a mutation in their DNA, and the first triplet for the gene coding for
insulin is C C C (instead of C C A).
~ Determine what amino acid the new DNA triplet codes for.__________________________
~ Will this person be diabetic? _______________
4. What if the first triplet was C A A ? ___________________________________
A FRAMESHIFT MUTATION occurs when a base is added (or removed) from a DNA/RNA sequence.
5. Determine the amino acid chain coded for by the following sequence:
_________________
ACC UCA GCU CCA
_________________ __________________
____________________
Suppose a mutation occurs where another A is added after the first codon.
What would the new sequence of amino acids be?
_________________
_________________
__________________
____________________
6. DNA sequences are often used to determine relationships between organisms. DNA
sequences that code for a particular gene can vary widely. Organisms that are closely
related will have sequences that are similar.
Below is a list of sequences for a few organisms:
Human: CCA TAG CAC CTA
Chimpanzee: CCA TAA CAC CTA
Pig:
Cricket:
CCA TGG AAA CGA
CCT AAA GGG ACG
Based on the sequences, which two organisms are most closely related?
________________________________
and
__________________________________
7. An unknown organism is found in the forest, and the gene is sequenced, and found to be
CCA TGG AAT CGA
What kind of animal do you think this is? ____________________________
Ch. 12 Study Guide
DNA Replication:
1. What is being copied in this process?_____________________________________
2. How is DNA found in a cell when the cell is just resting? C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ N
3. How is DNA found in a cell when it is preparing to divide? (HINT: name the structures)
C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _S
4. Why does DNA organize when the cell is preparing to divide? ___________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. In Eukaryotes, does DNA replication occur in just one direction? ________________________
6. In Eukarytoes, does DNA replication occur in only one spot on the DNA? __________________
7. What is the spot called where the DNA has opened up and is being read?__________________
8. What molecule travels along DNA making copies of DNA by adding complementary bases to the
template?______________________________
9. What 2 items makes up the backbone of DNA?_________________ & _________________
10. What holds together the nitrogenous bases? _____________________ Bond
Protein Synthesis
RNA
11. What does RNA stand for?____________________________________________________
12. Why does RNA exists? (why not just use DNA)____________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
13. Name the four nitrogenous bases in DNA:
______________________
_________________________
______________________
_________________________
Name the four nitrogenous bases in RNA:
______________________
_________________________
______________________
_________________________
14. Name the three differences between DNA and RNA
DNA
RNA
17. DNA: A pairs with ___ G pairs with ___
T pairs with ___
C pairs with ___
18. RNA: A pairs with ___ G pairs with ___
U pairs with ___
C pairs with ___
19. What is a codon? ______________________________________________________
20. Messenger RNA (________________) carries the instructions to make
__________________. This whole process is called _________________________
_________________________.
PRACTICE USING THE CODON CHART!!! Pg. 303
21. Name the codon for tryptophan ________
What amino acid is AAA? _____________
22. Name a codon for Glycine ___________
What amino acid is CUG? _____________
23. Name a codon for Histidine ___________
What amino acid is UGA? _____________
COMPLETE THE PROCESS OF….
DNA REPLICATION:
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
24. DNA – A T A G C T G C T A A C
DNA – A T A G C T G C T A A C
25. DNA - ______________________
RNA - ______________________
26. Break the sequence of RNA into codons: ________ ________ ________ ________
27. Identify the amino acids: ___________
___________
___________
_________
28. What type of chromosomal mutation is shown?
Original
New
___________________
ABC DEF GHI JKL
ABC DJK L
29. What type of chromosomal
mutation is shown?
Original
_______________
ABC DEF GHI JKL
New
ABC DEF DEF GHI JKL