* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download dna
Nucleic acid tertiary structure wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Zinc finger nuclease wikipedia , lookup
Comparative genomic hybridization wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
History of RNA biology wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
DNA profiling wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Frameshift mutation wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Microsatellite wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 12.1 & 12.2 ~ VOCABULARY Vocabulary Bacteriophage Chromatin Histone Replication Base-pairing DNA polyermase Nucleotides Transformation Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Definition Picture Chapter 12.3 ~ VOCABULARY Vocabulary Definition Anticodon Gene Promoter Transcription Codon Intron Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Messenger RNA (mRNA) Exon RNA polymerase Translation Chapter 12.1 ~ DNA structure Picture The Components and Structures of DNA Long molecule made up of ________________________________ 3 basic components of a nucleotide: ____________________________________- a 5 carbon sugar ____________________________________ ____________________________________- contains nitrogen The Components and Structures of DNA 4 kinds of nitrogenous bases: Purines- 2 rings ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Pyrimidines- 1 ring ____________________________________ ____________________________________ The Components and Structures of DNA Backbone formed by: ________________________________________ ________________________________________ Nitrogenous ______________________________ stick out from these T Chargaff Compared amounts of A nitrogenous bases: Came up with the following rule: ______________________________________________: G C Amount of ________________________ equal to amount of ___________________________ { G=C } Amount of _________________________ equal to amount of ___________________________ { A=T} The Components and Structures of DNA _______________________________________ ______________________________________ Found X shape Shows _____________________________ strands twisted around each other The Components and Structures of DNA ______________________________________________Built ____________________________________ of DNA after seeing Franklins x-ray image of DNA ________________________________________________ Twisted ladder or spiral staircase ________________________________________________ hold bases together Adenine bonds to thymine Cytosine bonds to guanine So…..WHO DISCOVERED DNA? Watson & Crick First model of DNA Rosalind Franklin X-ray diffraction Watson & Crick Watson & Crick had ideas but no proof Franklin had the proof but didn’t know what it was Watson & Crick saw Franklin’s X-ray diffraction and could decipher the structure/shape of DNA 3 Important Things that DNA does… ____________________________________________________ from one generation to the next Determines ____________________________________________ characteristics Can be easily ___________________________________________ Must be in order to be copied every time a cell divides Ch. 12.2 ~CHROMOSOMES AND DNA REPLICATION Some terms to distinguish DNA _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Chromosomes are coiled DNA Prokaryotes DNA found in ______________________________________ - 1 large chromosome Eukaryotes DNA found in _______________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Humans: 46 chromosomes Drosophila (fruit fly): 8 chromosomes DNA must be highly structured in order to fit into such a small space! Prokaryotes 1.6mm of DNA Eukaryotes Prokaryote 1 m of DNA 1 chromosomes = 30 million base pairs! Eukaryote Structure of Coiled DNA DNA –__________________________________________ ____________________________________________ –Proteins that DNA wraps around ____________________________________________ –8 histones + DNA = Nucleosome Nucleosomes wrap around and around each other to form: ______________________________________ –Highly coiled DNA Histones Complementary Base Pairing WHEN DNA IS UNZIPPED……. Each strand is a _________________________________________ for a new strand…. When do cells need to duplicate their DNA… _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________, the __________________________ unzips DNA molecule into two strands __________________________- then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base-pairing. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic DNA replication Prokaryotes ____________________replication ________________________ Area where DNA opens DNA replication starts in one place and proceeds in both directions until it’s finished Eukaryotes MUCH larger molecule _______________________________ replication forks along the molecule Steps in DNA replication 1. DNA molecule ___________________________________ •______________________ break the ___________-bonds 2. The two strands ________________________________ •Each strand serves as a _________________________________ 3_______________________________________ adds new nucleotides to the unzipped strand •Polymerize = get bigger; grow; add 4. __________________________________ also proof-reads the newly constructed DNA strand Chapter 12.3 ~ PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Protein Synthesis in a nutshell….. DNA RNA Protein What is RNA??? RNA Differs from DNA 1.RNA has a sugar ________________________________ DNA has a sugar ____________________________________ 2.RNA contains the base ________________________ (U) DNA has _____________________________ (T) 3.RNA molecule is _______________________________________ DNA is _________________________________________ Three Types of RNA Messenger RNA (_________________) ______________________ genetic information to the ribosomes Ribosomal RNA (__________________), ______________________ the protein from mRNA’s information Transfer RNA (__________________) ________________________ amino acids to rRNA where proteins are synthesized (made) Pathway to Making a Protein 1. DNA (Grandma’s Cookbook) 2. mRNA (copy of recipe) 3. rRNA (Head Chef) 4. tRNA (assistant cook) 5. Protein (final product) Players of Protein Synthesis…. DNA (grandmas cookbook) •Instructions for making everything you need (especially proteins) •Don’t want to destroy it! ___________________________________! Can’t take it out of the nucleus •Want to ________________________________________ of what you need to make mRNA (copy of recipe) •Copy of _________________________________________________________________ •Recipe for making a ____________________________________________________ •__________________________________________ makes transcribes the section of DNA •Need to take recipe out of nucleus to __________________________________ (kitchen) rRNA (head chef) •“____________________” __________________________(recipe) and starts cooking! •Reads 3 letters at a time –3 letters = ______________________________________ •Assembles all ingredients (___________________________________) to make final product. NEEDS HELP though…… _________________ (assistant chef) •Helps rRNA (head chef) by going to __________________________________________ (amino acids) –________________________________________ amino acids to choose from •Brings them to ____________________________ so he can assemble them Final Product •Final Product = _____________________________________________ •REMEMBER •Proteins made up of amino acids Ch. 12.4 ~ Mutations Mutations Latin for “change” ____________________________ in ______________________________ material Kinds of Mutations Two major kinds: _________________________________________ mutationsChanges only one gene on chromosome _________________________________________ mutationsChanges the entire chromosome Gene Mutations ___________________________ mutationEffects _____________________________________________________________ TYPES: Substitutions, Insertions, and Deletions ____________________________ mutation Deletion, insertion Gene Mutations _________________________________: _________________________________________________________________________________ ACU Threonine ACU Threonine GGC Glycine UAA Leucine UCG Serine GUC Valine UAA Leucine UCG Serine Usually only effects 1 – 2 amino acids Gene Mutations __________________________________ (frameshift): A _____________________________________________________ to the code Can be much more damaging Effects entire code after mutation Gene Mutations ACU ACU GGC GGG UAA CUA UCG AUC _____________________________ (frameshift) A _______________________________________________________ from the code Can be very damaging Effects entire code after mutation ACU GGC UAA UCG Threonine Glycine Leucine Serine GCU AAU CGA Alanine Asparagine Arginine ACU Threonine Chromosomal Mutation Change in the ___________________________ or ______________________________ of a chromosome May _________________________________________________________ of genes on chromosomes Chromosomal Mutation Four types: ________________________________________ Loss of all or part of chromosome ________________________________________ Extra copies of parts of chromosome ________________________________________ Reverse direction of parts of chromosome ________________________________________ One part of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to another chromosome _______________________________ Most mutations have little or no effect Dramatic changes are usually harmful and disrupt normal functions Often will not develop as an embryo Can be a _______________________________________________________________________________ Very beneficial (good) Ex. Strawberry Polyploidy Plant and animal breeders use the mutation of ___________________________ to their benefit The resulting offspring have 3 copies of chromosome instead of 2. Often larger and stronger organisms Mutations Can be deadly, however can also be good or have no result! And some are just strange. DNA coloring Color all the thymines orange. Color all the sugars (deoxyribose-D) blue Color all the adenines green. Color all the phosphates (P) red Color all the guanines purple. Color all the cytosines yellow. 1. Write out the full name for DNA. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Where in the cell is DNA located? _______________________________________________________________________ 3. Other than the nucleus, DNA can be found in what two organelles? (Hint: think of a plant cell) _______________________________________________________________________ 4. What two scientists are credited with establishing the structure of DNA? _______________________________________________________________________ 5. What other female scientist played a pivotal role in the discovery of DNA? _______________________________________________________________________ 6. What is the shape of DNA? _______________________________________________________________________ 7. What are the sides of the DNA “ladder” made of? _______________________________________________________________________ 8. What are the "rungs" of the DNA ladder made of? _______________________________________________________________________ 9. What sugar is found in DNA? _______________________________________________________________________ 10. How do the bases bond together? A bonds with _____ ; C bonds with _______ 11. DNA is made of repeating units called _______________________________________________________________________ DNA REPLICATION http://tinyurl.com/yewywhs MOLECULAR MACHINES COPY DNA 1. How many cells does your body produce every day? 2. Each time your cell divides, what must it do first? 3. How long does it take to copy your DNA in a cell? 4. How does your cell “Speed up “the process? 5. Explain what is happening to the DNA as it is being copied? COMPLEMENTARY BASE PARING 6. What kind of bond holds the nucleotides that make up DNA together? 7. These bonds work “kind of like” ____________________. 8. Label the parts of the nucleotide to the right DNA Webquest Objective: Students will browse the Genetics Science Learning Center Website to learn about basic genetics, including the structure of DNA, transcription and translation. Answer the questions as you browse through the site topics. Site Location: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/ 1. List three topics listed on the main page. Click on the link that says "Tour the Basics" . What is DNA? 2. What does DNA stand for? _____________________________________________ 3. Why is DNA called a blueprint? _____________________________________________________ 4. The "twisted ladder" shape of the DNA molecule is called a _____________ _______________ 5. Name the four bases found in a DNA molecule: _____________________________________________ 6. A DNA strand is made of _______________ which make up _______________ which make up sentences. 7. These “sentences” are called _________________________________________________________ What is a Gene? Hint - Look at the navigation bar at the top, you'll need to click on "What is a Gene" to continue. 8. What is a gene? ________________________________________________________ 9. Blood cells use a protein called _________________________________ to capture and carry oxygen. 10. When a gene is changed, it is said to be _________________________________________________ 11. A mutation in the hemoglobin gene causes what disorder: _____________________________________ What is a Chromosome? 12. If you stretched out all the DNA from a single cell, how long would it be?? _________________________ 13. How many chromosomes are in a human cell? _____ a mosquito? _____ a carp? _____ What is a Protein? 14. How is a protein like a car engine? _____________________________________________________ 15. Receptor proteins are responsible for picking up ___________________________________________ 16. Each gene in DNA encodes information on how to make a ____________________________________ 17. Once in the cytoplasm, the ___________________________ reads the message. What is Heredity? 18. The passing of traits from parents to child is the basis of ____________________________ 19. Every child receives______________ of its chromosomes from his mother and half from his __________ 20. When a sperm and egg join, they create a single cell called a ___________________________________ 21. Each child inherits a __________________________ set of chromosomes. “What is a Trait?” 22. Give an example of a physical trait: _________________________________________________ 23. A dog fetching a bone is an example of what kind of trait? _________________________________ 24. Scientists describe the set of information for each form of trait as an __________________________ "Build a DNA Molecule" Return to the main page and click on “DNA to Protein” 25. Build a DNA molecule. What is the base pair rule? ________________________________________ 26. Run the DNA builder and play with it for a little while. Draw your DNA below (you can use the side view). “DNA to Protein" (you will need to return to home page to find this link) 27. Read the description of the process toward the bottom of the page. The human genome contain more than ______________________genes. 28. The cell uses a 2 step process of ___________________ and ______________________ to read each gene. 29. Follow the instructions for the activity. List the 5 amino acids in the sequence you created. ___________________________________________________________________________________ "What Makes a Firefly Glow" 30. Fireflies glow to attract a __________________ and to avoid ______________________ 31. RNA polymerase binds to the ______________________ gene. 32. When transcription is complete, the LUC mRNA moves to the _____________________ 33. The ribosome interprets the mRNA to produce a string of _____________________________ 34. In order to become a functioning luciferase enzyme, the string must ____________________________ 35. The enzymes bind to ____________________________to create light. How DNA Controls the Workings of the Cell Below are two partial sequences of DNA bases (shown for only one strand of DNA) Sequence 1 is from a human and sequence 2 is from a cow. In both humans and cows, this sequence is part of a set of instructions for controlling a bodily function. In this case, the sequence contains the gene to make the protein insulin. Insulin is necessary for the uptake of sugar from the blood. Without insulin, a person cannot use to digest sugars the same way others can, and they have a disease called diabetes. Using the DNA sequence, make a complimentary RNA strand from both the human and the cow. Write the RNA directly below the DNA strand (remember to substitute U’s for T’s in RNA) Use the codon table in your book to determine what amino acids are assembled to make the insulin protein in both the cow and the human. Write your amino acid chain directly below the RNA sequence. Sequence 1 – Human DNA : C C A T A G C A C G T T A C A A C G T G A A G G T A A RNA : Amino Acids: Sequence 2 – Cow DNA : C C G T A G C A T G T T A C A A C G C G A A G G C A C RNA: Amino Acids: Analysis 1. The DNA sequence is different for the cow and the human, but the amino acid chain produced by the sequence is almost the same. How can this happen? 2. Could two humans (or two cows) have some differences in the DNA sequence for insulin, yet still make exactly the same insulin proteins? Explain. MUTATIONS Diabetes is a disease characterized by the inability to break down sugars. Often a person with diabetes has a defective DNA sequence that codes for the making of the insulin protein. This mutation is called a POINT MUTATION because only one amino acid is affected. 3. Suppose a person has a mutation in their DNA, and the first triplet for the gene coding for insulin is C C C (instead of C C A). ~ Determine what amino acid the new DNA triplet codes for.__________________________ ~ Will this person be diabetic? _______________ 4. What if the first triplet was C A A ? ___________________________________ A FRAMESHIFT MUTATION occurs when a base is added (or removed) from a DNA/RNA sequence. 5. Determine the amino acid chain coded for by the following sequence: _________________ ACC UCA GCU CCA _________________ __________________ ____________________ Suppose a mutation occurs where another A is added after the first codon. What would the new sequence of amino acids be? _________________ _________________ __________________ ____________________ 6. DNA sequences are often used to determine relationships between organisms. DNA sequences that code for a particular gene can vary widely. Organisms that are closely related will have sequences that are similar. Below is a list of sequences for a few organisms: Human: CCA TAG CAC CTA Chimpanzee: CCA TAA CAC CTA Pig: Cricket: CCA TGG AAA CGA CCT AAA GGG ACG Based on the sequences, which two organisms are most closely related? ________________________________ and __________________________________ 7. An unknown organism is found in the forest, and the gene is sequenced, and found to be CCA TGG AAT CGA What kind of animal do you think this is? ____________________________ Ch. 12 Study Guide DNA Replication: 1. What is being copied in this process?_____________________________________ 2. How is DNA found in a cell when the cell is just resting? C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ N 3. How is DNA found in a cell when it is preparing to divide? (HINT: name the structures) C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _S 4. Why does DNA organize when the cell is preparing to divide? ___________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 5. In Eukaryotes, does DNA replication occur in just one direction? ________________________ 6. In Eukarytoes, does DNA replication occur in only one spot on the DNA? __________________ 7. What is the spot called where the DNA has opened up and is being read?__________________ 8. What molecule travels along DNA making copies of DNA by adding complementary bases to the template?______________________________ 9. What 2 items makes up the backbone of DNA?_________________ & _________________ 10. What holds together the nitrogenous bases? _____________________ Bond Protein Synthesis RNA 11. What does RNA stand for?____________________________________________________ 12. Why does RNA exists? (why not just use DNA)____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 13. Name the four nitrogenous bases in DNA: ______________________ _________________________ ______________________ _________________________ Name the four nitrogenous bases in RNA: ______________________ _________________________ ______________________ _________________________ 14. Name the three differences between DNA and RNA DNA RNA 17. DNA: A pairs with ___ G pairs with ___ T pairs with ___ C pairs with ___ 18. RNA: A pairs with ___ G pairs with ___ U pairs with ___ C pairs with ___ 19. What is a codon? ______________________________________________________ 20. Messenger RNA (________________) carries the instructions to make __________________. This whole process is called _________________________ _________________________. PRACTICE USING THE CODON CHART!!! Pg. 303 21. Name the codon for tryptophan ________ What amino acid is AAA? _____________ 22. Name a codon for Glycine ___________ What amino acid is CUG? _____________ 23. Name a codon for Histidine ___________ What amino acid is UGA? _____________ COMPLETE THE PROCESS OF…. DNA REPLICATION: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 24. DNA – A T A G C T G C T A A C DNA – A T A G C T G C T A A C 25. DNA - ______________________ RNA - ______________________ 26. Break the sequence of RNA into codons: ________ ________ ________ ________ 27. Identify the amino acids: ___________ ___________ ___________ _________ 28. What type of chromosomal mutation is shown? Original New ___________________ ABC DEF GHI JKL ABC DJK L 29. What type of chromosomal mutation is shown? Original _______________ ABC DEF GHI JKL New ABC DEF DEF GHI JKL