* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Study guide
DNA repair protein XRCC4 wikipedia , lookup
Molecular ecology wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Agarose gel electrophoresis wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Promoter (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Restriction enzyme wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Endogenous retrovirus wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
Transcriptional regulation wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Real-time polymerase chain reaction wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Transformation (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Community fingerprinting wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Biology 160 Exam 2 Study guide Chapters 8-12 Ch. 8: Cell replication Mitosis Cell cycle (Interphase vs. Mitotic Phase) Mitotic stages and what they look like (as seen in lab) Cytokinesis Meiosis: produces haploid gametes , divides the homologous pairs of chromosomes (Meiosis I) and then divides sister chromatids (Meiosis II) Vocab: Cell cycle, Interphase, Mitotic phase, DNA replication, cytokinesis, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Meiosis, gamete, haploid, diploid, chromosome, homologous pair of chromosomes, sister chromatids, sex chromosomes, Independent assortment of chromosomes, Crossover, Ch. 9: Inheritance Mendelian Inheritance: Mendel’s 4 hypotheses (p148), How to construct and use a Punnett square Dominant and recessive alleles Genotype vs. Phenotype Variations on Mendel’s laws: Incomplete dominance, Codominance, Pleiotropy, Polygenic inheritance (aka epistasis or genetic interaction). Vocab: Inheritance, Mendel(and Mendelian), Character, Trait, true-breeding, homozygous, heterozygous, locus, allele, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype, Punnett square, test cross, incomplete dominance, pleiotropy, epistasis/polygenic inheritance, codominance. Ch. 10: Structure and Function of DNA Strands of nucleotides held together by sugar-phosphate backbone. Two strands are paired together with hydrogen bonds between paired bases. One strand is the template for the other (base pairing rules— this property gives DNA its unique quality of being able to self-replicate) DNA replication DNA transcription (to mRNA) Editing of mRNA Translation from mRNA to protein (following the genetic code). We looked also at the ways that different types of mutations in the DNA sequence can have dramatically different effects on the protein product (ranging from no effect to a dramatic change in the protein’s amino acid sequence). Vocab: sugar phosphate backbone, base, base pair, replication, proofreading, transcription, translation, DNA, RNA, protein, genetic code, ribosome, mRNA, tRNA, codon, initiation, elongation, termination. Ch. 11: Gene Regulation and control: We covered this chapter very quickly in class and really only touched on two main themes: First the “gene expression pipeline” as depicted in figure 11.3 which shows all the many levels at which the expression of a gene (and therefore the creation of the protein that it codes for) can be controlled in each cell; Second we briefly talked about the genetic basis of cancer (see figure 11.17). Ch. 12: DNA technology (Study for this chapter along with the lab exercise from this week and last) In class we used a template strand of DNA and made the complementary strand, using a made-up plasmid. We then created a restriction enzyme cut of the plasmid and inserted a synthetic DNA sequence. We followed that “transgenic” plasmid through transcription to mRNA, and then translation to an amino acid sequence. We briefly discussed what a clone is. We also discussed the use of genetic markers for distinguishing different levels of relatedness: DNA fingerprinting looks for highly variable markers that can distinguish two individuals from the same species, while conservation biologists look for more conserved sequences to tell us which populations and species are more closely related to each other. In lab we learned about the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis. Vocab: Recombinant DNA, Genetic Engineering, Transgenic, GMO, plasmid, gene cloning, restriction enzyme, DNA ligase, genomic library, genetic markers, short tandem repeats, gel electrophoresis, genomics, proteomics, gene therapy.