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Transcript
The Structure of a DNA Molecule: Semiconservative DNA Replication: new old old Catching & Repairing Mistakes DNA Polymerases err at a rate of 1/10,000 base pairs. “Proofreading” reduces the error rate to 1/1 billion base pairs. Cells can repair many errors; Humans have 130 known DNA repair enzymes! The ability to repair damaged DNA is critical to long-term survival. Individuals with xeroderma pigmentosum produce defective repair enzymes. Without these repair enzymes, mutated DNA in skin cells (UV) is not repaired, leading to skin cancers. Next… What do cells DO with their DNA.?? Getting From a Gene to a Polypeptide 1. TRANSCRIPTION: transcribing DNA into RNA 2. TRANSLATION: translating RNA into an amino acid sequence RNA vs DNA In order to translate DNA (RNA) you must first crack the genetic “code”! A group of three bases (a codon) codes for a particular amino acid. Arabidopsis thaliana C24 wild type (left) and transformed (GFP; right) Tobacco plant expressing a firefly gene (luciferase) Herman, at right, is the first transgenic dairy animal engineered to make the human milk protein, lactoferrin, which is an antibacterial protein that can be used to treat immunosuppressed patients and could be incorporated into infant formula. TRANSCRIPTION occurs in 3 Steps: 1. Initiation (promoter) 2. Elongation (RNA Polymerase) and 3. Termination Let’s Watch: http://www.dnai.org/ lesson/go/19436/15510 1. Ends are capped and tailed. 2. INTRONS cut out. RIBOSOMES are Enzymes that “Read” the mRNA tRNA’s (transfer RNA’s) deliver the correct amino acid specified by the mRNA You Try: Part 1 You Try: Part 2 The Effects:
