* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download NERVOUS SYSTEM Aids in remembering, thinking, moving
Dual consciousness wikipedia , lookup
Lateralization of brain function wikipedia , lookup
Brain Rules wikipedia , lookup
Intracranial pressure wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
Selfish brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
Blood–brain barrier wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Human brain wikipedia , lookup
Microneurography wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
History of neuroimaging wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychology wikipedia , lookup
Central pattern generator wikipedia , lookup
Anatomy of the cerebellum wikipedia , lookup
Channelrhodopsin wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Neural engineering wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Evoked potential wikipedia , lookup
Neuroregeneration wikipedia , lookup
Haemodynamic response wikipedia , lookup
Circumventricular organs wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 9 Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ◦ nerves Nervous tissue contains masses of nerve cells called neurons. ◦ Specialized to react to physical and chemical changes. ◦ Transmit info in the form of electrochemical changes called nerve impulses. ◦ Bundles of axons make nerves. ◦ Also contains neuroglial cells that provide physical support, insulation, and nutrients for neurons. Brain and Spinal Cord ◦ Protected by layered membranes called meninges. Dura mater (outermost layer- contains blood vessels) Arachnoid mater (no blood vessels) Pia mater (thin, contains nerves and b.v that nourish the cells of the brain and spinal cord) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) –clear, watery fluid b/w the arachnoid and pia maters that is a shock absorber. Secreted by masses of specialized capillaries called choroid plexuses. Contains 100 billion multipolar neurons. Brain area Location Function Cerebrum Largest, most of cranial cavity Sensory and motor functions Higher mental functions -memory -reasoning Cerebellum Posterior and inferior region Coordination Balance Muscle tone Brain area Location Middle Diencephalon 1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus Brainstem 1. Medulla 2. Pons 3. Midbrain Base of brain Function Limbic system-controls emotional experience and expression 1.Process sensory info (pain, touch, temp) 2.Maintains homeostasis: appetite center, sleepwake, water balance Connect various parts of NS Regulates visceral activities 1.Breathing, heart rate 2.Origin of cranial nerves 3.Coordinate head/eye movements to sound& light Cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of gray matter that contains 75% of all neuron cell bodies of the NS. Left & Right cerebral hemispheres are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum. ◦ Dominant hemisphere-controls the ability to understand language Surface contains many ridges called gyri (gyrus) separated by grooves. Shallow groove is a sulcus and a deep groove is a fissure. ◦ Longitudinal fissure separates the right and left hemispheres . ◦ Transverse fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. 5 lobes-frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula (inner) 4 ventricles Nerve Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal Function smell vision moves/focus eye moves eye chewing moves eye facial expression, taste equilibrium, hearing swallowing heart, digestion neck move tongue Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet, AH SPINAL CORD ◦ Contains 31 segments, each giving rise to a pair of spinal nerves. Foramen Magnum -Where the spinal cord begins Cervical Enlargement -supplies nerves to upper limbs Vertebral Canal Spinal Cord Lumbar Enlargement -supplies nerves to lower limbs Cross section of spinal cord Posterior Sulcus: divides spinal cord into right and left halves. White Matter: myelinated neurons Contains CSF Unmyelinated neurons Anterior fissure Divides spinal cord into right and left halves Spinal Cord Functions (pg. 234) Conducting impulses ◦ 2 way communication system ◦ Ascending tracts: carry sensory info to the brain ◦ Descending tracts: conduct motor impulses from the brain to effectors Spinal reflex center ◦ Patellar and withdrawal reflex ◦ Reflex arc passes through the spinal cord Subdural hematoma: collection of blood from broken blood vessels that will increase pressure in the skull and will lead to functional losses or death. Cerebral palsy: partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by damage to the cerebrum.