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DNA Technology
The Human Genome Project,
Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy
Stem Cell Therapy
Transgenic Organisms
Cloning
Gel Electrophoresis (DNA Fingerprinting)
Genetic Engineering
• Genetic Engineers can
alter the DNA code of • Selective Breeding
living organisms.
• Recombinant DNA
• PCR
• Cloning
• Gel Electrophoresis
• Transgenic Organisms
• The Human Genome Project
DNA technology vocabulary
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Plasmid
Genome
Recombinant
Gene therapy
Stem cell
Clone
Transgenic
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Ethical
Moral
Asexual
Restriction enzyme
Identical
Unspecialized
differentiate
The Human Genome Project
(HGP)
• Took place from 1990-2003
• Scientists from all over the world sequenced the DNA of
hundreds of people of all races.
• They discovered that all humans have over 3 billion
nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G)
• It was also discovered that all humans
(regardless of outward appearance) share
99.99% of their DNA
Stars who benefited from the
HGP
• Angelina Jolie
• Had her DNA sequenced, and discovered she had the
BRCA-1 gene (breast cancer)…and ovarian cancer
• She discovered she had the gene BEFORE it happened,
and removed both of her breasts (mastectomy), and had
reconstructive surgery.
The HGP
• Since the completion of the HGP, two
monumental applications (uses) have
been discovered):
1. Disease Prediction: scientists can
look at specific genes and tell if you
inherited a disease.
2. Gene Therapy: if you have a
defective gene, it can now be corrected
Selective Breeding
• Breed only those
plants or animals with
desirable traits
• People have been
using selective
breeding for 1000’s of
years with farm crops
and domesticated
animals.
Recombinant DNA
• The ability to combine
the DNA of one
organism with the
DNA of another
organism.
• Also known as
“Bacterial
Transformation”
• Recombinant DNA
technology was first
used in the 1970’s
with bacteria.
Recombinant Bacteria
1.
Remove bacterial DNA
(plasmid).
2.
Cut the Bacterial DNA with
“restriction enzymes”.
3.
Cut the DNA from another
organism with “restriction
enzymes”.
4.
Combine the cut pieces of DNA
together with another enzyme
and insert them into bacteria.
5.
Reproduce the recombinant
bacteria.
6.
The foreign genes will be
expressed in the bacteria.
Benefits of Recombinant
Bacteria
1. Bacteria can make human insulin or
human growth hormone.
2. Bacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil
spills.
Stem cell therapy
• Unspecialized cells that can be manipulated (changed)
into any cell type under the right laboratory conditions.
• These cells are healing/repairing cells.
• Have been used to treat HIV, Cancer, and other
disorders
• It is unlawful to obtain stem cells from embryos (unborn
babies); now stem cells are harvested (collected) from
bone marrow and umbilical cord blood
Cloning
• Creating an identical (exact) copy of an organism
asexually (no sexual intercourse).
• Dolly the sheep was cloned. She passed away from
health complications. She inherited the same diseases
that her donor egg mother had.
TV Example
ABC’s “Family Matters”
• Steve Urkel (nerd) altered his DNA to become Stefan Urquelle (cool
guy) to win the affections of Laura Winslow (this upset his present
girlfriend Myra Munkhouse). This would be an example of genetic
engineering (GMO).
• Later in the show, Steve cloned himself so that Laura could have
Stefan, and Myra Munkhouse could keep Steve.
The DNA of plants and animals
can also be altered.
PLANTS
1. Disease-resistant and
insect-resistant crops
2. Hardier fruit (stronger,
more durable fruit)
3. 70-75% of food in
supermarket is
genetically modified.
How to Create a Genetically
Modified Plant
1.Create recombinant
bacteria with desired
gene.
2. Allow the bacteria to
“infect" the plant cells.
Foods are
genetically modified
to make them bigger
and better!
3. Desired gene is
inserted into plant
chromosomes.
What do you think about eating
genetically modified foods?
Get it??
Genetically modified organisms are
called transgenic organisms.
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
1.
Mice – used to study human
immune system
2.
Chickens – more resistant to
infections
3.
Cows – increase milk supply
and leaner meat
4. Goats, sheep and pigs –
produce human proteins in
their milk
Transgenic Goat
Human DNA in
a Goat Cell
.
This goat contains a human
gene that codes for a blood
clotting agent. The blood
clotting agent can be harvested
in the goat’s milk.
How to Create a
Transgenic Animal
Desired DNA
is
added to an
egg cell.
Ha Ha Ha!
Genetic Engineering and
Crime Scenes……
Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCR
•
PCR allows scientists to
make many copies of a
piece of DNA.
1. Heat the DNA so it
“unzips”.
2. Add the complementary
nitrogenous bases.
3. Allow DNA to cool so the
complementary strands
can “zip” together.
PCR= DNA Copy Machine
Gel Electrophoresis
(DNA Fingerprinting)
• This technology allows scientists to
identify someone’s DNA!
• Used in Crime Scene Investigation
(robbery, murder, rape)
• Used in paternity
Steps Involved in Gel
Electrophoresis
1. “Cut” DNA sample with
restriction enzymes.
2. Run the DNA fragments
through a gel.
3. Bands will form in the gel.
4. Everyone’s DNA bands are
unique and can be used to
identify a person.
5. DNA bands are like “genetic
fingerprints”.
Gel Electrophoresis Example
Mrs. Smith has a baby
named Jessica. She
believes one of two men
can be the father of her
child. A paternity test is
done and the results are
shown above. Which of
the 2 men are baby
Jessica’s father?
Hint: Half of the DNA should match
mom, half should match dad
Use a ruler to find the father!
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