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Genetic Engineering
How is this possible?
Jelly Fish Gene  Mice
Recombinant DNA Technology

Connecting fragments of DNA from
different sources
Transgenic Organisms
Plants and animals that contain fragments
of DNA from different sources.
 Example: tobacco plant with firefly gene
that makes the plant glow

Bacteria and Recombinant DNA
Technology
Scientists commonly use bacteria to
produce substances like human insulin or
human growth hormone
 They all use bacteria because they
reproduce asexually and reproduce rapidly

Creating Bacteria with Human
Genes (DNA) – Step 1
Cut a piece of DNA that codes for a
specific gene using restriction enzymes
(act like scissors). They cut DNA at a
specific nucleotide sequence.
 Example:

Step 2

Cut plasmid (small circular DNA found in
bacteria) with restriction enzymes.
Step 3
Gene splicing: Foreign DNA is attached to
the plasmid creating recombinant DNA.
 The recombinant DNA is inserted into the
bacteria. The bacteria will reproduce
asexually.

Animation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2jUM
G2E-ic
 http://www.dnai.org/text/mediashowcase/
index2.html?id=549

Recombinant DNA Technology
What do scientists use this for?

To produce insulin, human growth
hormone, enzymes to break down
pollutants, produce natural insecticides,
etc.
The quest for the perfect tomato….
What would arctic fish have to do
with making the perfect tomato?
Transgenic Plants
Genetically engineered plants with
recombinant DNA.
 Example – tomato with the antifreeze
gene from fish

Transgenic Animals
Genetically engineered animals with
recombinant DNA.
 Ex – Creating animals with human organs
for transplants

Gene Therapy

Inserting normal genes into human cells
to correct genetic disorders
Selective Breeding
Choosing animals and plants to mate with
desirable traits.
 Ex – Texas cattle and Brahman cattle

What are they?
Hybridization
Mating individuals not closely related to
introduce new beneficial genes into a
population
 Ex – Horse (obedient) + donkey (strong)
= mule (obedient and strong)

Inbreeding
Mating between closely related individuals
to maintain desirable traits.
Choosing a Mutation

Seedless oranges, ancon sheep (short
legged). We choose to breed mutations
for our benefit.
Cloning
Cloning
Creating identical individuals with the
desired traits.
 Ex – Dolly the sheep, vegetative
propagation, etc.

Cloning Pros and Cons
Pros
Cons
-Study
-Messing
and fight
diseases
-Clone organisms with
better traits (better
meat, milk, etc.)
with nature
-Cloning humans
-Change an ecosystem –
bring back organisms
that are extinct
-Clones live shorter lives
because the DNA is aged