* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download DNA Technology
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of diabetes Type 2 wikipedia , lookup
Comparative genomic hybridization wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
DNA profiling wikipedia , lookup
Metagenomics wikipedia , lookup
Gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Zinc finger nuclease wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Microsatellite wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Biotechnology Use of Natural Biological Systems to Produce a Product or Provide a Desired Process Recombinant DNA Technology • A set of techniques used to produce large quantities of a gene and its product • Recombinant DNA = DNA produced by joining segments of DNA from different sources • eg. To produce human insulin, scientists have combined bacterial DNA + human DNA Tools for Producing Recombinant DNA Restriction enzymes: enzymes that cleave the DNA double helix at specific nucleotide sequences Use of the Restriction Enzyme Bam H1 5’— G G A T C C — 3’ 3’— C C T A G G — 5’ Results in sticky end 5’— G 3’— C C T A G sticky end G A T C C — 3’ G — 5’ Tools for Producing Recombinant DNA Vector: carrier of DNA; can be virus or plasmid Plasmid: extrachromosomal, independently replicating, small circular DNA molecule Producing Recombinant DNA Mix together Add DNA Ligase restriction enzyme Treat source DNA with restriction enzyme Treat plasmid DNA with same enzyme Many recombinant DNA molecules are produced, each with a different piece of source DNA restriction enzyme Transform bacterial cells Each bacterial cell carries a different recombinant plasmid Tools for Producing Recombinant DNA Probe: sequence of DNA that is complementary to the gene of interest; Used to locate a copy of the gene by hybridization AGCTTAGCGAT TCGAATCGCTA Denature DNA by heating Add Probe Probe Binds to gene AGCTTAGCGAT AATCGC TCGAATCGCTA Using the Probe to Find the Gene of Interest Biotechnological Methods: PCR http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/pcr.html PCR = Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplifies a specific region in the DNA Used for identification, especially if the amount of DNA is small Uses repeated cycles of heating to denature DNA and cooling to synthesize new DNA Involves the use of ---Taq polymerase (a DNA polymerase that withstands heat) ---primers to begin synthesis DNA Fingerprinting with PCR DNA Fingerprinting for Paternity Testing DNA Fingerprinting in Forensics 1 2 3 Suspects CS RC IE MN EE 4 5 67 Suspects Biotechnological Methods DNA Sequencing: Determining the Order of Nucleotides DNA sequence for gene from cress plant Arrows show differences in DNA sequences related to inherited breast cancer Human Genome Project • An effort to determine the sequences of all human genes – Genomics: study of DNA sequences – Proteomics: study of proteins produced in a specific organism or cell type – Bioinformatics: using computer databases to store and analyze sequence information Applications of Biotechnology Transgenic Bacteria Transgenic: organism that contains a gene from another species in all of its cells Transgenic bacteria that produce Human Insulin Human growth factor tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) hepatitis B vaccine Applications of Biotechnology Transgenic Plants Bt Corn: Produces its own Pesticide Roundup Ready Soybeans are resistant to herbicide “Golden” rice with beta-carotene and extra iron Applications of Biotechnology Transgenic Animals Make Human Gene Products Human gene product will be released in milk Applications of Biotechnology Transgenic Animals as Models of Human Diseases Transgenic Mouse with defective human hormone gene interfering with growth Same type of mouse “rescued” by blocking action of human gene Andrew Gobea Gene Therapy for SCID Ex vivo: Gene is introduced into cells outside the body In vivo Gene Therapy Injection of gene Aerosol spray delivers gene Cystic Fibrosis Blindness: Leber’s Congenital Amaurosis (LCA)