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Genetic Engineering the manipulation of living organisms for human use Chapter 13 Breeding strategies • Selective breeding: only certain individuals with certain traits are selected to reproduce • Inbreeding: crosses individuals with similar traits • Hybridization: crosses individuals with different traits; tend to be hardier and healthier Manipulating DNA • Genetic engineering: making changes in the • DNA code of an organism Restriction enzymes: cut the DNA at specific sites by recognizing certain DNA sequences – produces more manageable pieces of DNA to separate and analyze • Gel electrophoresis: separates DNA fragments through a gel using electricity; creates a “DNA fingerprint” – Identifying criminals – Paternity (who is the father of the baby?) Gel Electrophoresis DNA fingerprinting • method of DNA analysis which identifies individuals by examining DNA fragments • Steps – sample of DNA is cut using restriction enzymes – fragments are separated using electrophoresis to create a pattern of bands (negatively-charged DNA moves towards positive-end of apparatus) – Shortest segments travel the furthest (easier to move through gel) Using DNA • Recombinant DNA: the manipulation of specific genes in the cells of living organisms causing them to produce new or unusual substances • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): uses DNA polymerase to create thousands of copies of a gene Application of Gen. Eng. • Transgenic Organisms – Contain DNA from another species – Example: insulin-producing bacteria – 52% of soybeans, 25% of corn are genetically-modified (“GMO”) Application of Gen. Eng. • Cloning • – Clone: member of a population of genetically identical cells that are produced from a single cell – Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer In 1997, Ian Wilmut presented “Dolly”, the first cloned sheep • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/ content/tech/cloning/whatisclo ning/ Steps of Cloning Human Genome Project • An ongoing effort to analyze the human DNA sequence • Started in 1990, completed in 2000 • Different scientists studied random fragments of DNA then combined their data • Humans have approximately 35,000 genes