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Download S7 - 9 - Advances in Genetics
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Unit 9 - Lesson 3 What do these items have in common? What is Genetic Engineering? • Genetic Engineering – Changing the arrangement of DNA that make up a gene. • It is a deliberate, controlled manipulation of genes in an organism with the intent of making that organism “better” in some way. Genetic Engineering • Natural = happens in nature = selective breeding • Unnatural = in a lab, won’t happen in nature In a Lab - How is it done? • Let pretend you want to make a glowing bunny… • First – obtain the gene you want inserted. – Where would you find a glowing gene? • Second – place the gene in a plasmid. Plasmids make up bacterial DNA. – Easy way to control and copy the gene Continued… • Third - Let the plasmids multiply. • Fourth - Screen all the DNA and select the best option to be inserted into your bunny. BUT WAIT: The bunny is trillions of cells. How go you insert the gene into the bunny? Continued… • Fifth - Insert the gene into a sex cell or zygote. – Easier to inset into one cell as opposed to trillions of gene • Sixth - Let the zygote grow and develop. BEHOLD! A glowing bunny! Gene Therapy • Can you into DNA into a trillion celled organism? • YES! With Gene Therapy. • A normal gene is placed into a virus, which delivers the gene to the cells in the body. • May be used to control cystic fibrosis or other genetic disorders. Genetically Modified Foods • Genetically modified (GM) foods are foodstuffs that have had their genome altered through genetic engineering. GM Foods have been available since the 1990s • Most common examples of GM foods: – Soybean – Corn – Canola – Wheat – Tomatoes But WHY do this? • As stated before, the overall goal is to create a product better than the original. We look at agriculture as our main example Today’s Use By altering the original DNA of the plants, we can create new plants with several advantages. However, others have raised concerns about GM foods and its potential hazards. • • • • pest resistance herbicide tolerance disease resistance cold tolerance nutritional abundance • pharmaceutical additions • shelf life • allergens • gene transfer to nontarget species • reduced effectiveness of pesticides • unintended harm to other organisms Genetic Engineering, A Whole New Level • The latest trend in genetic engineering is now experimentation on animals. Pharming • Genetic modification on farm animals has potential to lower prices and enhance enrichment, however, the ethics behind this are very strong, so research is kept at bay. Currently, some modification is being practiced. Should We Continue? • 75% of all crops grown in the U.S. contain some type of GM gene at varying degrees • These enhanced plants are not only good for the American wallet, but they can help other third world countries in fighting starvation. • Do you agree with the use of GM foods?