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DNA Structure DNA consists of two molecules that are arranged into a ladder-like structure called a Double Helix. A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of tiny subunits called Nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of: 1. Phosphate group 2. Pentose sugar 3. Nitrogenous base Cool Facts: • One chromosome has 50 - 250 million base pairs. • DNA is found in the mitochondria. • mDNA is only found in the egg. Sperm has no mitochondria so mDNA is passed to offspring from the mother. • One sequence of DNA is a genome or gene. • Unwind all our DNA, it will stretch from the moon and back 6000X. Nucleotides Phosphate Nitrogenous Base Pentose Sugar Nucleic Acid: CHO, CHO, CHON, ??? Nucleotides The phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the DNA molecule, whereas the bases form the “rungs”. There are four types of nitrogenous bases. Nucleotides A Adenine C Cytosine T Thymine G Guanine Nucleotides Each base will only bond with one other specific base. Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Form a base pair. Form a base pair. Chargaff’s Rule Adenine must pair with Thymine Guanine must pair with Cytosine Their amounts in a given DNA molecule will be about the same. T A G C Chargaff’s Rule Chargaff discovered that the percentage of A and T were equal. The same for C and G. This observation became Chargaff’s rule. This is always the same no matter what organisms. BASE-PAIRINGS H-bonds G 2 Bonds T C A 3 bonds Nitrogenous Bases PURINES 1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G) A or G PYRIMIDINES 3. Thymine (T) 4. Cytosine (C) T or C DNA Structure Because of this complementary base pairing, the order of the bases in one strand determines the order of the bases in the other strand. “Complementary Rule” A T C G T A C G A T G C T A DNA Structure To crack the genetic code found in DNA we need to look at the sequence of bases. The bases are arranged in triplets called codons. AGG-CTC-AAG-TCC-TAG TCC-GAG-TTC-AGG-ATC DNA Structure A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a protein. Each unique gene has a unique sequence of bases. This unique sequence of bases will code for the production of a unique protein. It is these proteins and combination of proteins that give us a unique phenotype. Exit Slip Write the complimentary side of this strand of DNA on a half sheet of paper and turn in before you leave: AGTTCAGT DNA Gene Protein Trait Your Task Draw a flow chart to show how to get from: This powerpoint was kindly donated to www.worldofteaching.com http://www.worldofteaching.com is home to over a thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers. This is a completely free site and requires no registration. Please visit and I hope it will help in your teaching.