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Genetic Engineering What is Genetic Engineering? What is Genetic Engineering? • Basic definition: genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes. • Genetic Engineering is useful in many fields including food production and medicine. • While it seems promising, there is still a lot that we do not know about Genetic Engineering. Gregor Mendel • Gregor Mendel lived from 1822-1884 in Brunn, Austria. • He was an Augustinian Monk who taught natural science to high school students. The “Father” of Genetics • Mendel was the first person to trace the characteristics of successive generations of living things. • Mendel wondered how plants acquired atypical characteristics. • Mendel performed experiments on pea plants, mice and ornamental plants. Dominance and segregation of traits • Mendel crossed peas and mice of different varieties. • Through this experiment Mendel discovered the phenomena of dominance and segregation. • Dominance decides which characteristic most often surfaces; the dominant characteristic overrides the recessive gene and appears in the organism. • Segregation of genes decides which genes are inherited from the parents. Laws of Heredity • Heredity factors do not combine; they are passed intact – Ex: A child of parents with black and red hair would inherit one of the two colors not a mix of the two. • Each member of the parental generation transmits half of its hereditary factors to each offspring • Different sets of offspring from the same parents receive different sets of hereditary factors – Ex= siblings are not identical, their differences come from the inheritance of different genes from their parents. DNA • Discovered in 1869 • James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA had a double Helix form. • Our DNA or genes decide who we are, they decide everything from our eye color to our shoe size. DNA Engineering • We use recombinant DNA to manipulate genes. • Recombinant DNA is taking DNA from one source and inserting it into an organism’s DNA, giving that organism those characteristics. – Ex.= Inserting salmon’s anti-freezing genes into corn to allow it to survive frost. Process of DNA Engineering • 1. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at their base parts causing sticky ends to form. • 2. DNA ligase (linker sequences of DNA) are placed on the sticky ends of the DNA. • 3. A Plasmid holding foreign DNA is inserted into the DNA and is connected by the ligase. (sticky end to sticky end) • 4. The recombinant DNA is inserted into a bacterium which carries out its function inside the larger organism. • 5. When the DNA becomes active it directs the body to construct distinct proteins which carry out the gene’s function.