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Transcript
Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering (Ch. 13) Selective breeding • allowing animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation • Pass on the desired trait • Horses, cats, farm animals • Crops (disease-resistant potato from Luther Burbank) Hybridization • crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms • Hybrids are hardier than parents • In the potato-disease resistance x food production (Burbank potato) Inbreeding • The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics • Keep desired characteristics of a line of organisms • The cross can bring together 2 recessive alleles for a genetic defect-BAD! Inducing Mutations • Increases the genetic variation in a population • Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variability • Occur spontaneously • Use of radiation, chemicals • Hard to get desired mutants New Bacteria • Hundreds of useful bacterial strains have been produced • Bacteria can even digest oil New Kinds of Plants • polyploid – chromosomes do not separate during meiosis • Use drugs that prevent chromosome separation • Plants are stronger, bigger than diploid • Polyploidy fatal in animals Manipulating DNA • DNA is removed from the cell • Restriction enzymes cut the DNA • Gel electrophoresis separates the DNA • Used to compare genes or locate a gene out of thousands in the genome Recombinant DNA • DNA molecules made by combining DNA from different sources Transgenic Organisms • Contain genes from other species • Microorganisms – insulin, growth hormone, clotting factor • In the future – may help fight cancer Transgenic Animals/Plants • Used to study genes and improve food supply • Study immune system and effects of disease • Extra copies of growth hormonegrow faster and produce leaner meat • Working on chickens • GM foods – produce natural insecticide • Resistant to weed-killing chemicals • May be able to produce human antibodies to fight disease • Rice plant contains vitamin A Cloning • Cloned bacteria • Dolly • Ethical and moral issues
