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Transcript
Gene Technology Chapter 11 11.1 Basic Steps of Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering – process of manipulating genes for practical purposes Recombinant DNA – DNA made from 2 or more different organisms Recombinant DNA 4 Steps of Genetic Engineering Experiments Cutting DNA Restriction enzymes cut DNA at certain spots A vector that can carry the gene is used Plasmids are circular DNA that can replicate independently Recombinant DNA is made – the gene of interest and the DNA of the vector are combined Gene cloning – many copies of the gene of interest are made by the vector copying its DNA with the gene in it Screening – cells that have the gene you want are separated from those that don’t Genetic Engineering Human Applications of Genetic Engineering Human Genome Project Identify the 3.2 billion base pairs of DNA that makes up humans Large portion of DNA does not code, only 1% to 1.5% make proteins Only 30,000 to 40,000 genes (much less than expected) Genetically Engineered Drugs and Vaccines Drugs – produced instead of taken from another person Vaccines – contains all or part of a harmless version of the pathogen Once injected, surface proteins read by immune system and antibodies are made When the real virus enters, you already have antibodies to kill it before it can cause damage Natural vaccines have a small chance of giving you infection; GE has vaccine in harmless virus Vaccines DNA Fingerprinting No 2 individuals (except twins) have same DNA Can look at nucleotide sequence Restriction enzymes cut at certain sequences so length will be different between 2 individuals Pattern of dark bands will be different Done from blood, semen, bone, hair Genetic Engineering in Agriculture Improve Crops Drought tolerant Herbicide/pest resistant More nutritious Risks Herbicide resistance in weeds? Allergies to introduced genes? Pests become resistant?
