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MUTATIONS Changes in DNA that affect genetic information How unique is your DNA?  You share 100% of the same genes as all other humans.  The reason you are different is that you have different forms of these genes.  You share 98% of the same genes as a chimpanzee.  You share 92% of the same genes as a mouse or any other mammal. Monstrous Mutations Time! Are we using all of our DNA?  Scientists estimate that less than 10% of our DNA is actually ‘functional’ and providing the instructions the body needs to survive  Some sections of our DNA repeat codes over and over again; other parts hold genes that are inactive How are your traits decided?  The order of nitrogen bases in your DNA determines your traits  Different orders of bases code for different forms of each gene  Ex: If you take the letters M, A, N, E, you can make different words that look and sound differently. MANE, MEAN, NAME, AMEN Sometimes changes in DNA just happen.  Our DNA can change without warning, which changes the genes and how they behave.  Factors that cause changes in our DNA:  Errors when DNA is copied for new cells  Environmental factors change DNA (nicotine, sunlight, x-rays, chemicals  Mutations are inherited from the parents Monstrous Mutations Time! Define mutation  A mutation is any change in the sequence of bases in an organism’s DNA Not all mutations are bad!  When ‘coded’ regions of DNA have mutations, a few results can occur:  Negative effect – organism’s chance of survival decreases (Tay-Sachs disease, animal in wild born with two heads)  Neutral effect – organism’s chance of survival is not affected (human born with extra toe, gluten intolerance, birth marks, eye color)  Beneficial effect – organism’s chance of survival increases (carriers of sickle cell gene are resistant to Malaria, people with a mutated osteoporosis genes have super-strong bones) Genetic Diseases / Disorders  A genetic disease or disorder is an illness caused by a mutated gene or by a damaged chromosome pair Monstrous Mutations Time! Chromosome Mutations  Down Syndrome  Have an extra 21st chromosome.  Children with Down Syndrome develop slower, may have heart and stomach illnesses and vary greatly in their degree of intelligence. Sex Chromosome Abnormalities  XYY Syndrome  Normal male traits  Often tall and thin  Associated with antisocial and behavioral problems Can you give yourself cancer?  Our behaviors may be putting ourselves at risk  Exposing ourselves to mutagens (nicotine, sunlight, radiation) Monstrous Mutations Time! Cancer  Illness caused by uncontrolled cell growth that take over healthy cells  Most are caused by random mutations or environmental factors Characteristics of Cancer  Avoids cell death  Doesn’t listen to body’s ‘STOP’ growing signals  Able to spread to other areas of the body Causes of Cancer  Inherited from parents  Radiation (UV, xrays)  Chemicals (nicotine, asbestos, arsenic) Monstrous Mutations Time!

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