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12-5 GENE REGULATION 1. Gene Regulation: An Example E. Coli (bacteria) gives a good example of how genes are able to regulate being expressed Operon- a group of genes that operate (work) together E. Coli use lactose (milk sugar) as a food source To eat the lactose the genes to eat the sugar must be turned on Lac Operon- genes that allow E. coli to eat lactose Repressor- turn off genes Operator- area of a chromosome in an operon that the repressor binds to when the operon is “turned off” Lac genes are turned off by the repressor Lac genes are turned on by the presence of lactose Many genes are regulated by repressor proteins Some genes use proteins that speed transcription. Sometimes regulation occurs at the level of protein synthesis. 2. Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Operons are not found in eukaryotic organisms …..but… Most eukaryotic genes are controlled individually and have regulatory sequences that are much more complex than those of the lac operon. TATA Box- a short region of DNA that helps start transcription Helps RNA polymerase bind to DNA 3. Development and differentiation Differentiation- as cells grow & divide they become specialized in structure and function with the help of hox genes Hox genes- control the differentiation of cells and tissues in the embryo Careful control of expression in hox genes is essential for normal development All hox genes are descended from the genes of common ancestors.