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Gene Regulation and Structure Grade 10 Biology Spring 2011 Describe how the lac operon is turned on and off Summarize the role of transcription factors in regulating eukaryotic gene expression Describe how eukaryotic genes are organized Evaluate three ways that point mutations can alter genetic material __________ have about ______ genes ________ have about _______ genes Not all of genes are _________ and ___________ at the same time So as not to waste energy and materials Both are able to ________ gene expression depending on cell’s needs E. Coli _______________ Gene regulation well undestood- lac operon gene E. Coli is in the __________ tract Lactose from milk enters and becomes available to E. Coli E. Coli (________) can absorb ______ and break it down for ________ Recognizing, consuming, and breaking down lactose, into glucose and galactose, requires __________________________ __________________________ 3 lactose _________ ______are located next to each other Controlled by the same _________ site On-off switch “turns on” (transcribes and then translates) the 3 genes when ________ is ________ “turns off” genes when ________ is not available __________: Piece of DNA that overlaps ________ site and serves as on-off switch Able to _________ RNA polymerase’s access to 3 lactose metabolizing genes ___________: Area in which RNA __________ binds and allows the genes to be ________________ ___________ __________: Protein that binds to an _______ and physically ______ RNA _________ from binding to __________ site Stops ___________ of genes in operon __________: A group of genes that code for the ________ involved in the same function, their _________ site, and the _________ that controls them all Lac Operon: Operon that ________ the __________ of lactose __________ protein turns the _______ off Repressor protein binds to the ________ and blocks RNA _______ from binding to the _________ site Blocking of RNA polymerase _____ the ___________ of genes in the operon Lactose binds to _______ protein and changes repressor proteins _______ Change of shape causes repressor protein to ____ _____ of the _________ Now the RNA ________ is free to ____ to the promoter (no longer blocked) RNA polymerase can _________ the genes that ____ for the lactose metabolizing enzymes By producing the ________ only when the nutrient is _________, the bacterium (E. coli) saves _______ Lets watch a video to review the lac operon! Contain more DNA than ____________ Must ___________ turn genes on and off ________ are not common in eukaryotes Instead, genes with related functions are often scattered on different ___________ Because there is a _________ envelope that physically separates __________ from _____________ more opportunities for gene regulation Gene regulation can occur: Before _______________ _________ transcription _________ transcription And after mRNA leaves the _______ or after translation, when protein is ___________ Most gene regulation in eukaryotes controls the onset of ____________ When RNA polymerase binds to a gene Use regulatory proteins- called __________ ___________ But many more _______ involved and more complex Transcription factors: Help arrange ____ ___________in the correct position on the ___________ Gene can be __________ by many different transcription factors _________: sequence of DNA that can be bound by a _____________ ___________ Located __________ of nucleotide bases away from __________ Loop in DNA may bring ________ and its attached transcription factor (________) into _______ with the transcription factors and RNA polymerase at the promoter In ___________ many genes are interrupted by introns ________: long segments of nucleotides that have no _______ information ______: portions of a gene that are translated (__________) into ___________ After gene is transcribed, _________ in mRNA are cut out by ____________ Splicosomes: complex assemblies of ___ and __________ Exons that remain are “________” back together by splicosome to form a smaller mRNA molecule mRNA is then _____________ Each _______ encodes part of _________ By having introns and exons cells can occasionally _______ exons to make new ________ Play an ___________ role Thousands of proteins that occur seem to have arisen from a few thousand ______ Some genes exist in ___________ ______ __________: change in the DNA of a gene Rare Mutations in _________ can be passed on to offspring, those in _____ _____(somatic cells) cannot _____ ____________: mutations that move an _____ gene to a new location Disrupt genes ________, gene is exposed to new regulatory conditions Ex. You move to France and can’t speak French Two 1. 2. types of Gene Rearrangements: __________: genes are carried by moving transposons ___________ _________: portions of the chromosome containing a gene may be rearranged during meiosis ____ ________: mutations that change a gene Usually result in the placement of the wrong _____ ______during protein assembly Usually ________ protein’s function Three types of Gene Alterations: _____ ________: single nucleotide changes ________ _________: sizable length of DNA is inserted into a gene 1. 2. Often result when mobile segments of DNA (transposons) move randomly from one position to another on a chromosome _______ ________: segments of gene are lost 3. Often during meiosis Point Mutation Deletion Mutation Insertion Mutation Genetic message is read as a series of ______ nucleotide ________ and ________ can _____ the triplet groupings Ex. Delete the C from this sentence, keep letters in triplets THE CAT ATE THE ATA TE meaningless ________ ________: mutation that causes gene to be read in the ______ 3-nucleotide sequence http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqvYOr78 THo Activity Modeling Introns and Exons (p. 218) Procedure: Place a 15-20cm strip of masking tape on your desk. Tape represents a gene. Use 2 colours to write the words APPROPRIATLY JOINED on the tape exactly as shown. Space the letters so that they take up the entire length of the tape. The segments in one colour represent introns; those in the other colour represent exons. Lift the tape. Working from left to right, cut apart the groups of letters written in the same colour. Stick the pieces of tape to your desk, making two strips according to colour and joining the pieces in their original order. Activity Modeling Introns and Exons (p. 218) Analysis Determine from the resulting two strips which strip is made of introns and which is made of exons Predict what might happen to a protein if an intron were not removed