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Nucleic Acids • Monomer = Nucleotides • Functions Store & Transmit the Information to Make Proteins = DNA and RNA in the nucleus and cytoplasm TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid ) RNA ( Ribonucleic acid ) 3.16 Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are composed of monomers called nucleotides – Nucleotides have three parts – A five-carbon sugar called ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA – A phosphate group – A nitrogenous base Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Nitrogenous base (A,G,C,T,U) Phosphate group Sugar (can be ribose or deoxyribose) • Nucleotides are joined together by dehydration synthesis. • Firstly base and sugar get together and form nucleoside. • Then nucleoside and phosphoric acid join and form nucleotide. 1.Organic base+Pentose 2. Nucleoside + Phosphate Nucleoside+Water Nucleotide+Water P S Base Nucleoside Nucleotide Nucleotide Sugar-phosphate backbone Property Location DNA Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, Bases A,T,G,C RNA Cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, nucleus, ribosomes U,A,G,C Sugar (5C) Phosphate Number of chains Replication Deoxribose same 2 (double stranded) Ribose same 1(single strand) Kinds Yes 1 Function Store genetic codes No 3 mRNA(messenger), tRNA(transfer), rRNA(ribosomal) Protein synthesis DNA RNA 3.16 Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides • Two polynucleotide strands wrap around each other to form a DNA double helix – The two strands are associated because particular bases always hydrogen bond to one another – A pairs with T, and C pairs with G, producing base pairs • RNA is usually a single polynucleotide strand Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Base pair 3.16 Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides • A particular nucleotide sequence that can instruct the formation of a polypeptide is called a gene – Most DNA molecules consist of millions of base pairs and, consequently, many genes – These genes, many of which are unique to the species, determine the structure of proteins and, thus, life’s structures and functions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. DNA • DNA molecular structure is established by Watson and Crick in 1953 . • There are two chains linked together in DNA molecule.(Double stranded) . Nucleotides are bound together by hydrogen bonds. • A= T G≡C • If A number is equal to T number, then C number equals to G number. A+C =T+G or A+G=T+C • Adenine nucleotide joins with onlyThymine with 2 H bonds • Guanine nucleotide joins with only Cytosine with 3 H bonds • ***So in a DNA molecule; The number of Adenine =The number of Thymine (A=T) The number of Guanine =The number of Cytosine (G≡C) • • • • • • • • Classification of bases Purine Pyrimidine A C A A T G G C = T ≡ G = T = T =A ≡C ≡ C ≡ G A +G = 1 T+C DNA chain DNA complementary chain Chargaff’s rule 2 rings 1 ring PhosphoDiesther bond Esther bonds Glycoside bond Question 1. The order of nucleotides in a chain of DNA is AGCTTA. a. What is the order of nucleotides in the complementary chain of this DNA? b. What is the total number of hydrogen bonds between chains? 1. a. DNA AGCTTA Complementary DNA TCGAAT b. between A= T there should be 2 bonds between G ≡ C there should be 3 bonds. So A= T 2 x 4 = 8 bonds , G ≡C 3x2=6 8 + 6 = 14 total hydrogen bonds. There are 3600 nucleotides in a DNA molecule. If 400 of them are adenine, Find a. The number of the other nucleotides. b. Give number of purines and pyrimidines. c. the number of deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups. a. . A= 400 so T= 400 too. 400+400= 800 3600 – 800= 2800 2800 / 2 = 1400 Guanine and 1400 Cytosine b. A, G are purines 400 + 1400 = 1800 purines C, T are pyrimidines 400 + 1400 = 1800 pyrimidines c. Number of nucleotides = number of deoxribose = number of phosphate 3600 nucleotides = 3600 deoxyribose = 3600 phosphate 3. In a DNA molecule there are 1000 pairs of nucleotide. If 300 of them are guanine, what is the number of T? • 1000 pairs of nucleotide= 2000 nucleotides If G= C , then G+C= 600 nucleotides 2000-600= 1400 nucleotides= T+A If T=A then T is 1400 / 2 = 700 nucleotides of T In an experimental condition, there are 1500 A, 500 T, 1100 G, 800 C and 3000 deoxyribose and 3000 phosphate. • How many nucleotides can be formed? 1500+500+1100+800= 3900 bases can be used but there are only 3000 deoxyribose and phosphate only 3000 nucleotides can be formed. How many nucleotide long DNA can be formed? A should be equal to T G should be equal to C because DNA is double chained. If T number is 500, A=T= 500 G= C= 800 DNA should be 1300 nucleotides long But we spent 2600 nucleotides because it is double stranded.!! In a DNA molecule with 220 nucleotide, there are 50 A, what is the number of C? • A= 50=T A+T= 100 • 220 – (A+T)= G+C • 220- 100= 120= G+C if G= C then • G= 120 / 2= 60 In a DNA molecule 30 % of nucleotides are Guanine ,what is the percentage of Thymine? • G= 30 % = C C+G= 60 % • 100 – (30+30)= A+T= 40 % if A=T • T= 40/2= 20 % In an experimental procedure 60 A, 80 T, 50 C, 50 G and 250 deoxiribose and phosphate molecules are found. • • • • How many nucleotide long DNA can be formed? A should be equal to T C should be equal to G 60 A 80T only 60 of then combine together to form DNA double chain. • 50 C 50 G all of C and G combine together. 60A=60T + 50C=50T 110 = 110 nucleotide long ; but 220 nucleotides are used If a DNA molecule has 6400 hydrogen bonds and 600 guanine molecules ,What is the number of Thymine nucleotides? • • • • • • Guanine has 3 H bond with Cytosine So 600 x 3 = 1800 H bond between G and C The remaining bonds are between A and T 6400 – 1800 = 4600 bonds between A and T There are 2 bonds between A and T 4600/2 = 2300 is the number of A = number of T If G + C number is 600 and there are total 2600 deoxyribose molecules, What is the H bond number? • • • • • • If G + C = 600 , G should be 300. The bonds between G and C = 300 x 3= 900 If G+C= 600 then A+T= 2600 – 600=2000 And A should be 1000 The bond between A and T = 1000 x 2= 2000 Total bond number = 2000+900=2900 Importance of nucleotides: • DNA carries the genetic code of the organism. Genetic code of each organism is different from each other(except identical twins). Genetic code differs in the base sequences. • Each organism has same chromosome number and same base sequence in his/her all cells. • DNA can copy itself. This process is necessary for cell division. As a result each cell will take equal amount of DNA. The copying process is called as replication. DNA replication is a semi conservative process. 2 chains of the DNA open and each strand replicates itself. As a result each new DNA recieves one old an done new strand. • DNA also carries information for protein synthesis in the cell. It sends message for protein synthesis to the cytoplasm. These processes are shown by this figure. • • DNA Transcription mRNA Translation Protein • Replication Replication always occurs where the DNA is. Transcription also always occurs where the DNA is. Translation also always occurs where the m RNA and ribosomes are. • DNA replication is a semi conservative process. 2 chains of the DNA open and each strand replicates itself. As a result each new DNA recieves one old and one new strand. • Replication occurs where the DNA is.(In bacteria there is no nucleus ) If a cell can’t divide, it can not replicate its DNA (sperm cells, nerve cells, red blood cells) •Transcription occurs where the DNA is, because it copies DNA •Translation occurs where the ribosome is, because it needs ribosomes. RNA • RNAs also are synthesized from DNA. RNAs are important for protein synthesis. There are 3 types of RNA. • mRNA –messenger RNA. It carries information from DNA to ribosome. The formed mRNA is complementary to one of the strand of DNA(meaningful strand) . • r RNA-ribosomal RNA. It forms the ribosome structure with proteins. It is synthesized from nucleolus. • t-RNA transfer RNA It carries aminoacids to ribosomes for protein synthesis. • TRANSFERING OF GENETIC CODE • DNA A C T - T A G CODE • m-RNA • t-RNA U G A - A U C CODON A C U - U A G ANTICODON • 3 nucleotides = 1 Codon = 1 Aminoacid • Starting codon = AUG • Stop codons = UAA ,UAG , UGA VITAMINS • Vitamins are a group of substances essential for normal metabolism, • growth and development, and • regulation of cell function. • Animals can’t synthesize vitamins but plants do. • Most vitamins are taken as provitamins. • Vitamins work together with enzymes, as co-enzymes • They can be destroyed by light, high temperatures and metals. • Important in bone formation • Blood cell formation, Blood clotting • Prevents diseases, increase resistance of the body Types of Vitamins fat-soluble vitamins • the vitamins are stored in the fat tissues in your body and in your liver. • They can be poisonous. • Vitamins A, D, E, and K are all fat-soluble vitamins. water-soluble vitamins When you eat foods that have watersoluble vitamins, the vitamins don't get stored in your body . The excess is thrown out by urine. B group and C vitamins are water soluble A. FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS A Helps you see at night (nightblindness) D Helps make strong bones (rickets-rachitis) E Protect your skin K Helps stop bleeding (synthesized by the bacteria in our intestine) These vitamins are stored in the fatty tissues of the body and liver for a few days, some of them for months, until the body needs them. B.WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS : Vitamin C : Essential for immunity of the body against cold and flu.(Scurvy) Vitamin B complexes : Essential for nerves ,joints, muscles and metabolism Deficiency of Vitamin B1 : Beriberi illness. Deficiency of Vitamin B3 : Pellegra illness.(Nervous system illness) • Which one is not a property of vitamins? a. They are not hydrolyzed(broken down) b. They pass to blood easily c. They give energy d. They have regulatory function e. They can activate enzymes • Which statement is a common property for vitamins A, B and C? I. II. III. IV. They are lipid soluble They are not stored in cells They are not digested They work as coenzymes ENERGY MOLECULE - ATP • ATP is formed by cellular respiration. Every cell needs energy as ATP (Adenosine Tri Phosphate) ATP Phosphorylation Formation of ATP by: *Cellular respiration Dephosphorylation Using ATP for : *photosynthesis •Movement •Dehydration(anabolism) •Protein synthesis ADP • Which one of the following reactions need (require) ATP? a. Hydrolysis of a protein b. Breakdown of starch to glucose c. Production of lipid from fatty acid and glycerol d. Formation of aminoacids from protein e. Digestion of glycogen Structure of ATP 5C sugar- Ribose and Adenine base: they are called Adenosine 3 phosphate groups can be added to the adenosine. If one is added It is Adenosine mono phosphate, 2- Adenosine di phosphate ; 3- Adenosine tri phosphate • Which one of the statements is wrong about ATP? a) ATP is used and formed within the cell. b) ATP is not stored c) When ATP is broken down, adenine base, deoxyribose sugar and P groups are formed d) ATP is similar to RNA adenine nucleotide e) ATP is used in anabolic reactions. Function and importance of ATP • • • • Hydrolysis of 3rd bond gives 7300 cal.(7.3 kcal) It is ONLY produced and used within the cell. It can not be stored. Hydrolysis gives out energy, dehydration takes in energy. • Used in dehydration reactions, muscle contraction, nerve impulses not in hydrolysis. • Phosphorylation: Adding P to ADP(occurs in cytoplasm, mitochondria and chloroplasts) EXERGONIC • Dephosphorylation: breaking P bond from ATP(occurs in cytoplasm and chloroplasts and in anabolic(dehydration reactions)) ENDERGONIC