
Structure and function of Escherichia coli valine transfer RNA in
... located in the anticodon loop, possesses the necessary information to recognize the codon on mRNA. There are 15 invariant positions that always contain the same base, and eight semiinvariant positions that always have either a purine or a pyrimidine (Figure 1 A). The chain length of the known tRNAs ...
... located in the anticodon loop, possesses the necessary information to recognize the codon on mRNA. There are 15 invariant positions that always contain the same base, and eight semiinvariant positions that always have either a purine or a pyrimidine (Figure 1 A). The chain length of the known tRNAs ...
EFFECTS OF BIOREACTOR OPERATION PARAMETERS ON
... and using this medium, the effects of bioreactor operation parameters, i.e., pH and temperature, on β-lactamase activity and cell formation were investigated in laboratory scale batch-bioreactors using shake bioreactors having V=33 ml working volumes. Among the investigated bioprocess conditions, th ...
... and using this medium, the effects of bioreactor operation parameters, i.e., pH and temperature, on β-lactamase activity and cell formation were investigated in laboratory scale batch-bioreactors using shake bioreactors having V=33 ml working volumes. Among the investigated bioprocess conditions, th ...
(Book) Creatine: Increasing Sports Performance
... the blood and taken up by muscle cells. Creatine is then converted into creatine phosphate (CP), also called phosphocreatine, by the enzyme creatine kinase inside muscle cells by having a high-energy phosphate group added. The cycling back and forth of creatine to creatine phosphate to creatine etc. ...
... the blood and taken up by muscle cells. Creatine is then converted into creatine phosphate (CP), also called phosphocreatine, by the enzyme creatine kinase inside muscle cells by having a high-energy phosphate group added. The cycling back and forth of creatine to creatine phosphate to creatine etc. ...
No Slide Title
... irreversible deamination of AMP to IMP (inosine monophosphate), a precursor of uric acid. – depletion of tissue ATP occurs through massive degradation to uric acid, and the impairment of regeneration by oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria because of inorganic phosphate depletion (lost to p ...
... irreversible deamination of AMP to IMP (inosine monophosphate), a precursor of uric acid. – depletion of tissue ATP occurs through massive degradation to uric acid, and the impairment of regeneration by oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria because of inorganic phosphate depletion (lost to p ...
Metabolic downregulation during diapause in embryos of Artemia
... which they are released into the environment (Clegg and Conte 1980, Qiu and MacRae 2010). These late gastrula embryos are made up of roughly 4000 cells and have a selectively permeable cyst wall which allows only water and gases to diffuse across (Clegg and Conte 1980). When released from the adult ...
... which they are released into the environment (Clegg and Conte 1980, Qiu and MacRae 2010). These late gastrula embryos are made up of roughly 4000 cells and have a selectively permeable cyst wall which allows only water and gases to diffuse across (Clegg and Conte 1980). When released from the adult ...
Chapter 1 - York University
... so it is evident that hydrogen transfer cannot occur without electron transfer. The movement of electrons in Equation 1.2 is less obvious. It occurs because oxygen is an element which attracts electrons more strongly than carbon and accordingly the electrons in CO2 are displaced, to some extent, tow ...
... so it is evident that hydrogen transfer cannot occur without electron transfer. The movement of electrons in Equation 1.2 is less obvious. It occurs because oxygen is an element which attracts electrons more strongly than carbon and accordingly the electrons in CO2 are displaced, to some extent, tow ...
Sequence and Structure Classification of Kinases
... Kinases are a ubiquitous group of enzymes that catalyze the phosphoryl transfer reaction from a phosphate donor (usually ATP) to a receptor substrate. Although all kinases catalyze essentially the same phosphoryl transfer reaction, they display remarkable diversity in their substrate specificity, st ...
... Kinases are a ubiquitous group of enzymes that catalyze the phosphoryl transfer reaction from a phosphate donor (usually ATP) to a receptor substrate. Although all kinases catalyze essentially the same phosphoryl transfer reaction, they display remarkable diversity in their substrate specificity, st ...
Panel 13–2 The complete citric acid cycle
... Details of the eight steps are shown below. For each step, the part of the molecule that undergoes a change is shadowed in blue, and the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction is in a yellow box. ...
... Details of the eight steps are shown below. For each step, the part of the molecule that undergoes a change is shadowed in blue, and the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction is in a yellow box. ...
PRODUCTION OF PYRUVATE AND LACTATE BY
... 2004). Pyruvic acid, also known as 2-oxopropanoic acid, α-ketopropionic acid or acetylformic acid, is one of the most important α-oxocarboxylic acids. It plays a key role in central metabolism of living organisms. Lactic acid, also known as 2-hydroxy propionic acid, is the most widely occurring carb ...
... 2004). Pyruvic acid, also known as 2-oxopropanoic acid, α-ketopropionic acid or acetylformic acid, is one of the most important α-oxocarboxylic acids. It plays a key role in central metabolism of living organisms. Lactic acid, also known as 2-hydroxy propionic acid, is the most widely occurring carb ...
13-Alanine as an Ethylene Precursor
... As mentioned, several of the enzymes in this conversion are also part of the proposed scheme for conversion of fl-alanine to ethylene. Thus, the ability of isolated mitochondria to metabolize propionate indicates that at least a portion of the scheme for conversion of /8-alanine to ethylene 'is oper ...
... As mentioned, several of the enzymes in this conversion are also part of the proposed scheme for conversion of fl-alanine to ethylene. Thus, the ability of isolated mitochondria to metabolize propionate indicates that at least a portion of the scheme for conversion of /8-alanine to ethylene 'is oper ...
On the mechanism of action of the antifungal agent propionate
... on 100 mM propionate, we added 10 mM glucose to the medium to support initial growth. After total consumption of glucose cells were grown further for at least 12 h. Therefore, the wild-type strain was grown for 42 h, whereas the methylcitrate synthase deletion strain and the facB multi-copy strain w ...
... on 100 mM propionate, we added 10 mM glucose to the medium to support initial growth. After total consumption of glucose cells were grown further for at least 12 h. Therefore, the wild-type strain was grown for 42 h, whereas the methylcitrate synthase deletion strain and the facB multi-copy strain w ...
Ch23-Oxidation of Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
... nomenclature, consult Chapter 5). Animal fat contains principally saturated and monounsaturated long-chain fatty acids, whereas vegetable oils contain linoleate and some longer-chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids. They also contain smaller amounts of branched-chain and odd-chain-length fatty acids ...
... nomenclature, consult Chapter 5). Animal fat contains principally saturated and monounsaturated long-chain fatty acids, whereas vegetable oils contain linoleate and some longer-chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids. They also contain smaller amounts of branched-chain and odd-chain-length fatty acids ...
Acute hibernation decreases myocardial pyruvate carboxylation and
... (Millar; Houston, TX) was positioned in the left ventricle via the carotid artery. The animal was then heparinized (300 U/kg bolus ⫹ 150 U 䡠 kg⫺1 䡠 h⫺1 iv) and infused with a 20% triglyceride emulsion (Intralipid 20%, 0.3 ml 䡠 kg⫺1 䡠 h⫺1 iv) to increase plasma free fatty acids (FFA) to 0.6 mM (32). ...
... (Millar; Houston, TX) was positioned in the left ventricle via the carotid artery. The animal was then heparinized (300 U/kg bolus ⫹ 150 U 䡠 kg⫺1 䡠 h⫺1 iv) and infused with a 20% triglyceride emulsion (Intralipid 20%, 0.3 ml 䡠 kg⫺1 䡠 h⫺1 iv) to increase plasma free fatty acids (FFA) to 0.6 mM (32). ...
Analysis and engineering of acetyl
... acetate, forming acetyl-CoA and sffccinate. Alternatifiely, the PDH bypass may be conneted to the TCA cycle fiia an effitramitochondrial citrate synthase, Cit2. his enzyme catalyses the condensation of acetyl-CoA flith offialoacetate, forming citrate, flhich may sffbseqffently be transported into the mitochond ...
... acetate, forming acetyl-CoA and sffccinate. Alternatifiely, the PDH bypass may be conneted to the TCA cycle fiia an effitramitochondrial citrate synthase, Cit2. his enzyme catalyses the condensation of acetyl-CoA flith offialoacetate, forming citrate, flhich may sffbseqffently be transported into the mitochond ...
Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism
... (Outcome 4.9, 4.10) 1. Energy is ______________________________________ . (Outcome 4.9, 4.10) 2. Six forms of energy are ___________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 4.9, 4.10) 3. Energy can be changed from ______________________ . (Outcome ...
... (Outcome 4.9, 4.10) 1. Energy is ______________________________________ . (Outcome 4.9, 4.10) 2. Six forms of energy are ___________________________ _________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 4.9, 4.10) 3. Energy can be changed from ______________________ . (Outcome ...
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... 24. Where do the citric acid cycle reactions occur? a. cytoplasm. b. cytosol. c. inner-mitochondrial membrane. d. outer-mitochondrial membrane. e. mitochondrial matrix. ANS: E ...
... 24. Where do the citric acid cycle reactions occur? a. cytoplasm. b. cytosol. c. inner-mitochondrial membrane. d. outer-mitochondrial membrane. e. mitochondrial matrix. ANS: E ...
Chapter 2—Cell Physiology - College Test bank
... 24. Where do the citric acid cycle reactions occur? a. cytoplasm. b. cytosol. c. inner-mitochondrial membrane. d. outer-mitochondrial membrane. e. mitochondrial matrix. ANS: E ...
... 24. Where do the citric acid cycle reactions occur? a. cytoplasm. b. cytosol. c. inner-mitochondrial membrane. d. outer-mitochondrial membrane. e. mitochondrial matrix. ANS: E ...
Chapter 2—Cell Physiology
... 18. ____________________ refers collectively to the large set of intracellular chemical reactions that involve the degradation, synthesis, and transformation of small organic molecules. ANS: intermediary metabolism PTS: 1 19. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide produces the substances ___________ ...
... 18. ____________________ refers collectively to the large set of intracellular chemical reactions that involve the degradation, synthesis, and transformation of small organic molecules. ANS: intermediary metabolism PTS: 1 19. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide produces the substances ___________ ...
GLYCOGENOLYSIS AND GLYCOLYSIS IN MUSCLE
... of LDH is 3.6 104 mol1. Thus, glycolysis in the cytosol results in lactate production, most of which is consumed by mitochondria that have the enzymatic apparatus to take up and oxidize lactate. The cellcell and intracellular lactate shuttles function because some cells, such as those found in re ...
... of LDH is 3.6 104 mol1. Thus, glycolysis in the cytosol results in lactate production, most of which is consumed by mitochondria that have the enzymatic apparatus to take up and oxidize lactate. The cellcell and intracellular lactate shuttles function because some cells, such as those found in re ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a metabolic regulator of
... NAD can be readily utilised by Sir2p [15]. Consistent with this notion, components of the salvage pathway, such as Npt1p, are localised primarily to the nucleus, whereas components of the de novo pathway reside evenly throughout the cell and have no effect on silencing [14,15]. NAD also regulates ...
... NAD can be readily utilised by Sir2p [15]. Consistent with this notion, components of the salvage pathway, such as Npt1p, are localised primarily to the nucleus, whereas components of the de novo pathway reside evenly throughout the cell and have no effect on silencing [14,15]. NAD also regulates ...
Cohesin`s ATPase Activity Couples Cohesin Loading
... inside its ring structure [4]. Chromatin fibers have been proposed to enter the cohesin ring via an ‘‘entry gate’’ that is thought to be located between the hinge regions of Smc1 and Smc3 [5, 6]. The loading of cohesin onto chromatin requires cohesin’s ATPase activity [7, 8] and a separate loading c ...
... inside its ring structure [4]. Chromatin fibers have been proposed to enter the cohesin ring via an ‘‘entry gate’’ that is thought to be located between the hinge regions of Smc1 and Smc3 [5, 6]. The loading of cohesin onto chromatin requires cohesin’s ATPase activity [7, 8] and a separate loading c ...
CHAPTER 2 Nitric oxide inhibits glycogen synthesis in - UvA-DARE
... synthesiss have appeared. Usingg hepatocytes isolated from fasted rats, in which glycogen synthesis was stimulatedd by amino-acid-induced cell swelling (12,13), we have studied the mechanismm of action of NO on glycogen synthesis. Since at high concentration NO iss known to interfere with mitochondr ...
... synthesiss have appeared. Usingg hepatocytes isolated from fasted rats, in which glycogen synthesis was stimulatedd by amino-acid-induced cell swelling (12,13), we have studied the mechanismm of action of NO on glycogen synthesis. Since at high concentration NO iss known to interfere with mitochondr ...
A Theoretical Analysis of NADPH Production and
... 1977). As for ATP, the amount of NADPH required for biosynthesis of cell constituents from central metabolic intermediates and ammonia is a constant. This requirement only depends on the relative amounts of monomers, i.e. amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides and hexose phosphates. However, due to d ...
... 1977). As for ATP, the amount of NADPH required for biosynthesis of cell constituents from central metabolic intermediates and ammonia is a constant. This requirement only depends on the relative amounts of monomers, i.e. amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides and hexose phosphates. However, due to d ...
The Proposed Effects of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD
... and more microscopic changes cellularly. These adaptations occur as a result of prolonged exposure to particular situations in an attempt to become a more efficient system. There is evidence that rats see an increase in mitochondria along with certain enzyme activities per gram/muscle (NADH dehydrog ...
... and more microscopic changes cellularly. These adaptations occur as a result of prolonged exposure to particular situations in an attempt to become a more efficient system. There is evidence that rats see an increase in mitochondria along with certain enzyme activities per gram/muscle (NADH dehydrog ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.