An in Silico Liver: Model of Gluconeogenesis
... fasted rat liver. Biochemical pathways are represented by key kinetic reactions that include allosteric and substrates effectors, and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation enzymes regulation. The model also incorporates the compartmentation and intercompartmental transports between the cytosol and the m ...
... fasted rat liver. Biochemical pathways are represented by key kinetic reactions that include allosteric and substrates effectors, and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation enzymes regulation. The model also incorporates the compartmentation and intercompartmental transports between the cytosol and the m ...
BAG1, a negative regulator of Hsp70 chaperone activity, uncouples
... by γ-counting. Complexes were also detected in vitro by incubation of GST-Hsp70 with BAG-1 and denatured β-gal, and detected by affinity chromatography, SDS–PAGE and Western blot analysis. (B) SDS– PAGE of purified proteins. GST-Hsp70, β-gal and BAG-1 (lanes 1–3, respectively), or Hsp70, GST-BAG-1 a ...
... by γ-counting. Complexes were also detected in vitro by incubation of GST-Hsp70 with BAG-1 and denatured β-gal, and detected by affinity chromatography, SDS–PAGE and Western blot analysis. (B) SDS– PAGE of purified proteins. GST-Hsp70, β-gal and BAG-1 (lanes 1–3, respectively), or Hsp70, GST-BAG-1 a ...
ATP– and ADP–DnaA protein, a molecular switch in gene regulation
... little effect on the regulation of dnaA (Smith et al., 1997). In order to define whether this lack of repression was due to the ADP–DnaA/ATP–DnaA switch, we analyzed a DNA fragment containing ATP–DnaA boxes a, b, c and DnaA boxes 1 and 2 in the BIAcore. Binding of ATP– and ADP–DnaA protein to a wild ...
... little effect on the regulation of dnaA (Smith et al., 1997). In order to define whether this lack of repression was due to the ADP–DnaA/ATP–DnaA switch, we analyzed a DNA fragment containing ATP–DnaA boxes a, b, c and DnaA boxes 1 and 2 in the BIAcore. Binding of ATP– and ADP–DnaA protein to a wild ...
Presentation 2013-201307040352
... The heart consumes more energy than any other organ and it is the greatest oxygen-consuming organ in the body, around 8–15 ml O2 min/100 g heart, with the capacity to increase up to 70 ml under exercise conditions. Everyday the heart beats about 100,000 times, pumps approximately 10 tons of blood th ...
... The heart consumes more energy than any other organ and it is the greatest oxygen-consuming organ in the body, around 8–15 ml O2 min/100 g heart, with the capacity to increase up to 70 ml under exercise conditions. Everyday the heart beats about 100,000 times, pumps approximately 10 tons of blood th ...
Glycogen
... Glycogenesis: (3) UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase - In order to initiate polymerization of glucose units, UTP is used as a source of energy to activate glucose in the form of UDP-glucose—wherein the UDP moiety not only contributes to the binding energy of UDP-glucose substrate to the enzymes (involve ...
... Glycogenesis: (3) UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase - In order to initiate polymerization of glucose units, UTP is used as a source of energy to activate glucose in the form of UDP-glucose—wherein the UDP moiety not only contributes to the binding energy of UDP-glucose substrate to the enzymes (involve ...
Lactate - University of Iowa Health Care
... Glucose is the major fuel for most organisms. In aerobic organisms, the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water releases 2840 kJ mol-1 of energy. The first stage of glucose oxidation is glycolysis. In glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is degraded to yield two molecules of pyruvate. ...
... Glucose is the major fuel for most organisms. In aerobic organisms, the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water releases 2840 kJ mol-1 of energy. The first stage of glucose oxidation is glycolysis. In glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is degraded to yield two molecules of pyruvate. ...
Physiological Strategies During Animal Diapause: Lessons from
... the overall energetic arrest (Patil et al., 2013). Based on an extensive analysis of trehalose plus all metabolites in the glycolytic pathway involved in flux (i.e. ‘pathway intermediates’), the product-to-substrate ratios show there are four enzymatic steps at which inhibition occurs during entry i ...
... the overall energetic arrest (Patil et al., 2013). Based on an extensive analysis of trehalose plus all metabolites in the glycolytic pathway involved in flux (i.e. ‘pathway intermediates’), the product-to-substrate ratios show there are four enzymatic steps at which inhibition occurs during entry i ...
Feb 22
... Rubisco is main rate-limiting step indirectly regulated by light 2 ways 1) Rubisco activase 2) Light-induced changes in stroma a) pH: rubisco is most active at pH > 8 b) [Mg2+]: in light [Mg2+] in stroma is ~ 10x greater than in dark c) CO2 is an allosteric activator of rubisco that only binds at hi ...
... Rubisco is main rate-limiting step indirectly regulated by light 2 ways 1) Rubisco activase 2) Light-induced changes in stroma a) pH: rubisco is most active at pH > 8 b) [Mg2+]: in light [Mg2+] in stroma is ~ 10x greater than in dark c) CO2 is an allosteric activator of rubisco that only binds at hi ...
Being right on Q: shaping eukaryotic evolution
... This is accomplished by uncoupling obligatory synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase from the return of protons to the mt matrix passing the inner membrane (the original bacterial membrane). Of course, this has to occur in a highly controlled manner, for example, using protein channels that (either as uni ...
... This is accomplished by uncoupling obligatory synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase from the return of protons to the mt matrix passing the inner membrane (the original bacterial membrane). Of course, this has to occur in a highly controlled manner, for example, using protein channels that (either as uni ...
Slide 1
... – FA synthesis slows – Triglycerides are broken down – FA’s enter b-oxidation faster ...
... – FA synthesis slows – Triglycerides are broken down – FA’s enter b-oxidation faster ...
principles of metabolic regulation: glucose and glycogen
... play discrete roles in the cell’s economy, no such separation exists inside the cell. Rather, each of the pathways we discuss in this book is inextricably intertwined with all the other cellular pathways in a multidimensional network of reactions (Fig. 15–1). For example, in Chapter 14 we discussed ...
... play discrete roles in the cell’s economy, no such separation exists inside the cell. Rather, each of the pathways we discuss in this book is inextricably intertwined with all the other cellular pathways in a multidimensional network of reactions (Fig. 15–1). For example, in Chapter 14 we discussed ...
Temperature-dependent effects of cadmium and purine nucleotides
... concentrations of these nucleotides (6–11·mmol·l–1). Our marine poikilotherm Crassostrea virginica (the eastern study shows expression of at least three UCP isoforms in oyster) using mitochondrial aconitase as a sensitive C. virginica gill tissues but provides no indication that biomarker of oxidati ...
... concentrations of these nucleotides (6–11·mmol·l–1). Our marine poikilotherm Crassostrea virginica (the eastern study shows expression of at least three UCP isoforms in oyster) using mitochondrial aconitase as a sensitive C. virginica gill tissues but provides no indication that biomarker of oxidati ...
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
... The inner core of mammalian Pyruvate Dehydrogenase is an icosahedral structure consisting of 60 copies of E2. At the periphery of the complex are: • 30 copies of E1 (itself a tetramer with subunits a2b2). • 12 copies of E3 (a homodimer), plus 12 copies of an E3 binding protein that links E3 to E ...
... The inner core of mammalian Pyruvate Dehydrogenase is an icosahedral structure consisting of 60 copies of E2. At the periphery of the complex are: • 30 copies of E1 (itself a tetramer with subunits a2b2). • 12 copies of E3 (a homodimer), plus 12 copies of an E3 binding protein that links E3 to E ...
AMINO ACID OXIDATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF UREA
... amino acids exceed the body’s needs for protein synthesis, the surplus is catabolized; amino acids cannot be stored. 3. During starvation or in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when carbohydrates are either unavailable or not properly utilized, cellular proteins are used as fuel. Under all these meta ...
... amino acids exceed the body’s needs for protein synthesis, the surplus is catabolized; amino acids cannot be stored. 3. During starvation or in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when carbohydrates are either unavailable or not properly utilized, cellular proteins are used as fuel. Under all these meta ...
FATTY ACID CATABOLISM
... Fatty acyl–CoAs, like acetyl-CoA, are high-energy compounds; their hydrolysis to FFA and CoA has a large, negative standard free-energy change (G ≈ 31 kJ/mol). The formation of a fatty acyl–CoA is made more favorable by the hydrolysis of two high-energy bonds in ATP; the pyrophosphate formed in ...
... Fatty acyl–CoAs, like acetyl-CoA, are high-energy compounds; their hydrolysis to FFA and CoA has a large, negative standard free-energy change (G ≈ 31 kJ/mol). The formation of a fatty acyl–CoA is made more favorable by the hydrolysis of two high-energy bonds in ATP; the pyrophosphate formed in ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... exogenous glucose (外源性葡萄糖) as an important energy source because glucose may not always be available from external sources or intracellular stores. Some mammalian tissues, primarily liver and kidney can synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors such as lactate and alanine. Under fasting con ...
... exogenous glucose (外源性葡萄糖) as an important energy source because glucose may not always be available from external sources or intracellular stores. Some mammalian tissues, primarily liver and kidney can synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors such as lactate and alanine. Under fasting con ...
Triglyceride Measurements: a Review of Methods and Interferences
... GK, glycerol kinase; G-3-O-PDH, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; PEP, phosphoenok,yruvate; PK, pyruvate kinase; LDH, lactate dehyrogenase; HPO, horseradish peroxidase; and INT, 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5phenyltetrazolium ...
... GK, glycerol kinase; G-3-O-PDH, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; PEP, phosphoenok,yruvate; PK, pyruvate kinase; LDH, lactate dehyrogenase; HPO, horseradish peroxidase; and INT, 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5phenyltetrazolium ...
Serine racemases from barley, Hordeum vulgare L., and other plant
... anti-AtSR sera, and then purified recombinant rice serine racemase with both racemase and dehydratase activities: the latter was obtained by expression of an open reading frame of the putative rice serine racemase gene in DDBJ, EMBL, and GenBank data banks. ...
... anti-AtSR sera, and then purified recombinant rice serine racemase with both racemase and dehydratase activities: the latter was obtained by expression of an open reading frame of the putative rice serine racemase gene in DDBJ, EMBL, and GenBank data banks. ...
University of Groningen Operation of the purine nucleotide cycle in
... conversion of aspartate to fumarate. Such an expansion of the pool of citric acid cycle intermediates will lead to an activation of aerobic energy production, since four-carbon ' sparker' molecules are provided. This function was proposed by Lowenstein (1972) and it may be particularly important in ...
... conversion of aspartate to fumarate. Such an expansion of the pool of citric acid cycle intermediates will lead to an activation of aerobic energy production, since four-carbon ' sparker' molecules are provided. This function was proposed by Lowenstein (1972) and it may be particularly important in ...
Chapter X-1: The Plant Cell and the Cell Cycle
... provides evidence that a particular pigment is responsible for a particular process. provides information about the extent of reflectance. is the light-transmitting pattern of a pigment. is the light-absorbing pattern of a pigment. is the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths for a specifi ...
... provides evidence that a particular pigment is responsible for a particular process. provides information about the extent of reflectance. is the light-transmitting pattern of a pigment. is the light-absorbing pattern of a pigment. is the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths for a specifi ...
Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH
... availability of free fatty acids was acutely increased via the infusion of a triacylglycerol and heparin solution, fat oxidation was increased and CHO oxidation and PDH activation were decreased, during low- and moderate-intensity exercise (6). The decreased PDH activation at the onset of exercise w ...
... availability of free fatty acids was acutely increased via the infusion of a triacylglycerol and heparin solution, fat oxidation was increased and CHO oxidation and PDH activation were decreased, during low- and moderate-intensity exercise (6). The decreased PDH activation at the onset of exercise w ...
ribosomal defects in a mutant deficient in the yajl homolog of the
... increased by 3-fold in the mutant, whereas glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase was not significantly overexpressed (not shown). As expected for aerobically grown cells, anaerobic dehydrogenases, such as glycerophosphate dehydrogenase GlpABC, formate dehydrogenase FdnGHI, and hydrogenases A and B, were ...
... increased by 3-fold in the mutant, whereas glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase was not significantly overexpressed (not shown). As expected for aerobically grown cells, anaerobic dehydrogenases, such as glycerophosphate dehydrogenase GlpABC, formate dehydrogenase FdnGHI, and hydrogenases A and B, were ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.