Glycogen Metabolism
... Epinephrine and Glucagon Stimulate Glycogen breakdown • Muscle is responsive to epinephrine. • Liver is responsive to glucagon and somewhat responsive to epinephrine. • Both signal a cascade of molecular events leading to glycogen breakdown. • Both utilize a G-protein-dependent ...
... Epinephrine and Glucagon Stimulate Glycogen breakdown • Muscle is responsive to epinephrine. • Liver is responsive to glucagon and somewhat responsive to epinephrine. • Both signal a cascade of molecular events leading to glycogen breakdown. • Both utilize a G-protein-dependent ...
06_Metabolism of lipid
... • FA synthesis and degradation occur by two completely separate pathways • When glucose is plentiful, large amounts of acetyl CoA are produced by glycolysis and can be used for fatty acid synthesis ...
... • FA synthesis and degradation occur by two completely separate pathways • When glucose is plentiful, large amounts of acetyl CoA are produced by glycolysis and can be used for fatty acid synthesis ...
Surprising variety in energy metabolism within Trypanosomatidae
... Acetate is a main end product of glucose degradation in all trypanosomatids, except for the long-slender bloodstream forms of the T. brucei family, which excrete pyruvate. In the other trypanosomatids, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrion where it is isoxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl- ...
... Acetate is a main end product of glucose degradation in all trypanosomatids, except for the long-slender bloodstream forms of the T. brucei family, which excrete pyruvate. In the other trypanosomatids, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrion where it is isoxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl- ...
The Presence and Function of Cytochromes in
... (de Vries, van Wijck-Kapteyn & Stouthamer, 1972, 1973; Sone, 1972). The high molar growth yields of these bacteria may indicate that ATP is formed in anaerobic electron transport (de Vries et al. 1973). Selenomonas ruminantium, Anaerovibrio lipolytica and Veillonella alcalescens are strictly anaerob ...
... (de Vries, van Wijck-Kapteyn & Stouthamer, 1972, 1973; Sone, 1972). The high molar growth yields of these bacteria may indicate that ATP is formed in anaerobic electron transport (de Vries et al. 1973). Selenomonas ruminantium, Anaerovibrio lipolytica and Veillonella alcalescens are strictly anaerob ...
Autotrophic carbon fixation in archaea
... emergence of oxygenic photosynthesis. The generation of ATP follows a chemiosmotic mechanism: electron flow from the reduced inorganic substrate to the oxidized inorganic electron acceptor is coupled to the transduction of H+ or Na+ across the cytoplasmic membrane, and the archaeal H+ ATP synthase u ...
... emergence of oxygenic photosynthesis. The generation of ATP follows a chemiosmotic mechanism: electron flow from the reduced inorganic substrate to the oxidized inorganic electron acceptor is coupled to the transduction of H+ or Na+ across the cytoplasmic membrane, and the archaeal H+ ATP synthase u ...
PRINCIPLES OF METABOLIC CONTROL
... response to changes in the internal or external environment is an indispensable attribute of living cells that must have arisen with life’s origin. This adaptability is necessary for conserving the stability of the intracellular environment (homeostasis), which is, in turn, essential for maintaining ...
... response to changes in the internal or external environment is an indispensable attribute of living cells that must have arisen with life’s origin. This adaptability is necessary for conserving the stability of the intracellular environment (homeostasis), which is, in turn, essential for maintaining ...
Autotrophic carbon fixation in archaea
... emergence of oxygenic photosynthesis. The generation of ATP follows a chemiosmotic mechanism: electron flow from the reduced inorganic substrate to the oxidized inorganic electron acceptor is coupled to the transduction of H+ or Na+ across the cytoplasmic membrane, and the archaeal H+ ATP synthase u ...
... emergence of oxygenic photosynthesis. The generation of ATP follows a chemiosmotic mechanism: electron flow from the reduced inorganic substrate to the oxidized inorganic electron acceptor is coupled to the transduction of H+ or Na+ across the cytoplasmic membrane, and the archaeal H+ ATP synthase u ...
Review: can diet influence the selective advantage of mitochondrial
... Red arrows show proton pumping. The lowest potential is found with complex I in keeping with its position at the start of the transport chain. The malate–aspartate (M-A) and lactate shuttles in addition to the TCA cycle provide NADH and this is reduced to NAD + H + . With complex II, the potentials ...
... Red arrows show proton pumping. The lowest potential is found with complex I in keeping with its position at the start of the transport chain. The malate–aspartate (M-A) and lactate shuttles in addition to the TCA cycle provide NADH and this is reduced to NAD + H + . With complex II, the potentials ...
Electron transport chain…
... explain oxidative phosphorylation – electron transport chain organized so protons move outward from the mitochondrial matrix as electrons are transported down the chain – proton expulsion during electron transport results in the formation of a concentration gradient of protons and a charge gradient ...
... explain oxidative phosphorylation – electron transport chain organized so protons move outward from the mitochondrial matrix as electrons are transported down the chain – proton expulsion during electron transport results in the formation of a concentration gradient of protons and a charge gradient ...
Glycogen Mobilization: Glycogenolysis
... Epinephrine and Glucagon Stimulate Glycogen breakdown • Muscle is responsive to epinephrine. • Liver is responsive to glucagon and somewhat responsive to epinephrine. • Both signal a cascade of molecular events leading to glycogen breakdown. • Both utilize a G-protein-dependent ...
... Epinephrine and Glucagon Stimulate Glycogen breakdown • Muscle is responsive to epinephrine. • Liver is responsive to glucagon and somewhat responsive to epinephrine. • Both signal a cascade of molecular events leading to glycogen breakdown. • Both utilize a G-protein-dependent ...
Fatigue During Muscular Exercise
... Accumulation Hypothesis • H+ (acidity) • Lactic acid accumulates during short term high ...
... Accumulation Hypothesis • H+ (acidity) • Lactic acid accumulates during short term high ...
Biochemistry 304 2014 Student Edition Gluconeogenesis Lectures
... 2. Corresponding anabolic and catabolic pathways are controlled by one or more reactions unique to each pathway. a. Opposing pathways are regulated in a coordinated, reciprocal manner so that the stimulation of the anabolic pathway is accompanied by the inhibition of the catabolic one and vice versa ...
... 2. Corresponding anabolic and catabolic pathways are controlled by one or more reactions unique to each pathway. a. Opposing pathways are regulated in a coordinated, reciprocal manner so that the stimulation of the anabolic pathway is accompanied by the inhibition of the catabolic one and vice versa ...
Fatty Acids :biosynthesis
... General anesthesia: CO2 up, pH down, ketone bodies up. Volatile acetone formation is non-enzymatic. ...
... General anesthesia: CO2 up, pH down, ketone bodies up. Volatile acetone formation is non-enzymatic. ...
PFK - ePrints USM
... have evolved a complex range of adaptations to all of their cellular components, including their membranes, energy-generating systems, protein synthesis machinery, biodegradative enzymes and the components responsible for nutrient uptake (Russell et al., 1998). ...
... have evolved a complex range of adaptations to all of their cellular components, including their membranes, energy-generating systems, protein synthesis machinery, biodegradative enzymes and the components responsible for nutrient uptake (Russell et al., 1998). ...
Fructokinase (Fraction III)of Pea Seeds
... The properties of hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) from yeast and mammalian tissues have been the hexose kinases fractionated on a DEAE-cellulose column as studied extensively (2, 15). Bakers' yeast contains two native described previously (20). The fractions containing the ...
... The properties of hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) from yeast and mammalian tissues have been the hexose kinases fractionated on a DEAE-cellulose column as studied extensively (2, 15). Bakers' yeast contains two native described previously (20). The fractions containing the ...
mammalian hibernation: biochemical adaptation
... would normally be trapped as ATP is released as heat. Two theories of UCP1 action exist. The original theory was that UCP1 was a proton carrier that directly channeled protons back into the matrix. However, recent studies support a different mechanism but with the same net effect. These studies iden ...
... would normally be trapped as ATP is released as heat. Two theories of UCP1 action exist. The original theory was that UCP1 was a proton carrier that directly channeled protons back into the matrix. However, recent studies support a different mechanism but with the same net effect. These studies iden ...
This paper is published in a part-themed issue of Photochemical
... was cooled and added to the exhausted cold solution it became luminous again because the component that was used up in the cold solution was precisely the one that was not destroyed by the heat. Dubois called the molecule that was consumed in the bioluminescence reaction luciferin and the component ...
... was cooled and added to the exhausted cold solution it became luminous again because the component that was used up in the cold solution was precisely the one that was not destroyed by the heat. Dubois called the molecule that was consumed in the bioluminescence reaction luciferin and the component ...
10 Translocation in the Phloem Chapter
... tional relationship and a ready exchange of solutes between the two cells. The plasmodesmata are often complex and branched on the companion cell side. Companion cells play a role in the transport of photosynthetic products from producing cells in mature leaves to the sieve elements in the minor (sm ...
... tional relationship and a ready exchange of solutes between the two cells. The plasmodesmata are often complex and branched on the companion cell side. Companion cells play a role in the transport of photosynthetic products from producing cells in mature leaves to the sieve elements in the minor (sm ...
A 3-month old female infant seemed normal until she developed
... phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) which gets transported to the TCA cycle where is gets converted to glucose. Pyruvate carboxylase ensures that there is a constant supply of oxaloacetate for the TCA cycle by forming oxaloacetate directly from pyruvate by the addi ...
... phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) which gets transported to the TCA cycle where is gets converted to glucose. Pyruvate carboxylase ensures that there is a constant supply of oxaloacetate for the TCA cycle by forming oxaloacetate directly from pyruvate by the addi ...
reprint - Charles Brenner Laboratory
... Figure 1. Fuel oxidation by mitochondria. Complete oxidation of pyruvate is depicted. Progression through the citric acid cycle depends on free coA, ADP and the reoxidation of NADH and FADH2 by the electron transport chain (ETC). The net result is fuel utilization, CO2 production (not shown) and ATP ...
... Figure 1. Fuel oxidation by mitochondria. Complete oxidation of pyruvate is depicted. Progression through the citric acid cycle depends on free coA, ADP and the reoxidation of NADH and FADH2 by the electron transport chain (ETC). The net result is fuel utilization, CO2 production (not shown) and ATP ...
Biophysics_lecture(17Nov06)
... Mitochondria and chloroplasts are related organelles involved in the conversion of energy ...
... Mitochondria and chloroplasts are related organelles involved in the conversion of energy ...
Carbamate Transport in Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase: A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation
... carbamoyl phosphate. Of the thirty residues that come together to form the carbamate tunnel, half come from the N-terminal domain, with the remaining half coming from the C-terminal domain. The tunnel is capped at both ends by arginine residues, (6) Thoden, J. B.; Holden, H. M.; Wesenberg, G.; Raush ...
... carbamoyl phosphate. Of the thirty residues that come together to form the carbamate tunnel, half come from the N-terminal domain, with the remaining half coming from the C-terminal domain. The tunnel is capped at both ends by arginine residues, (6) Thoden, J. B.; Holden, H. M.; Wesenberg, G.; Raush ...
Some Structural and Kinetic Aspects of L
... N-terminal end of its subunit. Thus, the kinetic properties of types L and M1 are quite different: in the case of L-type affinity for substrate PEP is about 10 times less and affinity for inhibitor ATP is higher than these parameters of M1 type (Tanaka et al., 1967). The second substrate of PK react ...
... N-terminal end of its subunit. Thus, the kinetic properties of types L and M1 are quite different: in the case of L-type affinity for substrate PEP is about 10 times less and affinity for inhibitor ATP is higher than these parameters of M1 type (Tanaka et al., 1967). The second substrate of PK react ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.