Fatty Acid Catabolism
... hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds of the glycosphingolipids and Ceramidase hydrolyzes the amide bond between the fatty acid and sphingosine in the dietary sphingolipids. Products of lipid digestion are monosaccharides, modified monosaccharides, fatty acids, glycerol, polar alcohols, phosphate, sphingos ...
... hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds of the glycosphingolipids and Ceramidase hydrolyzes the amide bond between the fatty acid and sphingosine in the dietary sphingolipids. Products of lipid digestion are monosaccharides, modified monosaccharides, fatty acids, glycerol, polar alcohols, phosphate, sphingos ...
Boundless Study Slides
... • allosteric a compound that binds to an inactive site, affecting the activity of an enzyme by changing the conformation of the protein (can activate or deactivate) ...
... • allosteric a compound that binds to an inactive site, affecting the activity of an enzyme by changing the conformation of the protein (can activate or deactivate) ...
Metabolomics - Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics
... (eg, citrate synthase and the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex) and reversible steps, ending with the regeneration of oxaloacetate (Figure 1A). These CAC steps are generally considered to take place predominantly in the mitochondrial matrix. Acetyl-CoA derived from glycolysis (via pyruvate dehyd ...
... (eg, citrate synthase and the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex) and reversible steps, ending with the regeneration of oxaloacetate (Figure 1A). These CAC steps are generally considered to take place predominantly in the mitochondrial matrix. Acetyl-CoA derived from glycolysis (via pyruvate dehyd ...
New Functions for Parts of the Krebs Cycle in Procyclic
... Metabolic Pathways in the Presence of Glucose (10 mM), Glycerol (13 mM), Proline (5 mM), and Threonine (3 mM)—The incubations performed with [6-14C]glucose demonstrated that acetate and succinate were the main excreted end products of glucose metabolism (Fig. 1A), which is in agreement with previous ...
... Metabolic Pathways in the Presence of Glucose (10 mM), Glycerol (13 mM), Proline (5 mM), and Threonine (3 mM)—The incubations performed with [6-14C]glucose demonstrated that acetate and succinate were the main excreted end products of glucose metabolism (Fig. 1A), which is in agreement with previous ...
Role of Carnitine in Lipid Metabolism
... branched-chain amino acids have been proposed as a good energy source for peripheral tissues during a variety of metabolic stresses. The nitrogen moiety can be transaminated to keto acids such as pyruvate to form alanine. The alanine is transported to the liver where the amino group is metabolized t ...
... branched-chain amino acids have been proposed as a good energy source for peripheral tissues during a variety of metabolic stresses. The nitrogen moiety can be transaminated to keto acids such as pyruvate to form alanine. The alanine is transported to the liver where the amino group is metabolized t ...
USING ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) AS A SUBSTITUTE APPLICATIONS
... promote healing of cartilage in vivo by manipulation of the chondrocytes that maintain the tissue, or through in vitro production of new cartilage for implantation into cartilage defects. Tissue-engineered cartilage constructs require mechanical stimulation to produce matrix components in quantities ...
... promote healing of cartilage in vivo by manipulation of the chondrocytes that maintain the tissue, or through in vitro production of new cartilage for implantation into cartilage defects. Tissue-engineered cartilage constructs require mechanical stimulation to produce matrix components in quantities ...
ppt
... • Describe basic steps for synthesis of fatty acids from dietary glucose (or amino acids) in the liver • Explain the role of VLDL lipoprotein particles • Explain the use of fatty acids for triglyceride synthesis • Explain the use of fatty acids for synthesis of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids ...
... • Describe basic steps for synthesis of fatty acids from dietary glucose (or amino acids) in the liver • Explain the role of VLDL lipoprotein particles • Explain the use of fatty acids for triglyceride synthesis • Explain the use of fatty acids for synthesis of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids ...
Ch. 33 Synthesis of Fatty acids, Triacylglycerols, Membrane lipids
... Key concepts: • Fatty acids synthesized mainly in liver, from glucose ...
... Key concepts: • Fatty acids synthesized mainly in liver, from glucose ...
Metabolism of Lipids
... Minor digestion of triacylglycerols in mouth and stomach by lingual (acidstable) lipase Major digestion of all lipids in the lumen of the duodenum/jejunum by pancreatic lipolytic enzymes Bile acid facilitated formation of mixed micelles that present the lipolytic products to the mucosal surface, fol ...
... Minor digestion of triacylglycerols in mouth and stomach by lingual (acidstable) lipase Major digestion of all lipids in the lumen of the duodenum/jejunum by pancreatic lipolytic enzymes Bile acid facilitated formation of mixed micelles that present the lipolytic products to the mucosal surface, fol ...
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase: Closure of the B
... to contain a binding site for one of the two molecules of Mg2+ATP required for the overall synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate (8). The three-dimensional architecture of the enzyme from E. coli, with bound ADP, Pi, manganese, potassium, and ornithine, is now known from a high-resolution X-ray crystallo ...
... to contain a binding site for one of the two molecules of Mg2+ATP required for the overall synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate (8). The three-dimensional architecture of the enzyme from E. coli, with bound ADP, Pi, manganese, potassium, and ornithine, is now known from a high-resolution X-ray crystallo ...
Glycogen Earth organisms use three major forms of - Rose
... sugars can covalently modify other molecules. Glycogen Synthesis Glycogen is synthesized from glucose-6-phosphate. The process involves three reactions. ...
... sugars can covalently modify other molecules. Glycogen Synthesis Glycogen is synthesized from glucose-6-phosphate. The process involves three reactions. ...
acyl-CoA
... 2. Degradation of fatty acyl CoA a) roles of acyl CoA synthetase, CPT-I and CPT-II, and CAT b) relationship of -oxidation products to energy production. c) degradation of odd- vs even-chain FA d) vitamins for metabolizing propionyl CoA to succinyl CoA 3. Ketone body metabolism ...
... 2. Degradation of fatty acyl CoA a) roles of acyl CoA synthetase, CPT-I and CPT-II, and CAT b) relationship of -oxidation products to energy production. c) degradation of odd- vs even-chain FA d) vitamins for metabolizing propionyl CoA to succinyl CoA 3. Ketone body metabolism ...
LIPID METABOLISM - Orange Coast College
... Free FA cannot enter Mitochondria Occurs in cytosol Acyl-CoA synthetases (thiokinases) 3 isozymes mitochondrial membrane ...
... Free FA cannot enter Mitochondria Occurs in cytosol Acyl-CoA synthetases (thiokinases) 3 isozymes mitochondrial membrane ...
Slide 1 / 85 Slide 2 / 85 Slide 3 / 85
... The fourth stage of aerobic cellular respiration is known as oxidative phosphorylation, but there are really two parts to this stage, what are they? ...
... The fourth stage of aerobic cellular respiration is known as oxidative phosphorylation, but there are really two parts to this stage, what are they? ...
Reactivation of Creatine Kinase by Dithiothreitol Prior to Use
... in water containing 50% glycerol for further use and long-term storage in the freezer. This enzyme catalyses the reversible tra sfer of a phosphoryl group from creatine phosphate to adenosine diphosphate to regenerate ATP under physiological pH. It is active as a dimer with two reduced identical sub ...
... in water containing 50% glycerol for further use and long-term storage in the freezer. This enzyme catalyses the reversible tra sfer of a phosphoryl group from creatine phosphate to adenosine diphosphate to regenerate ATP under physiological pH. It is active as a dimer with two reduced identical sub ...
Mitochondrial Functions in Mood Disorders
... and in presynaptic nerve terminals. Oxidative phosphorylation enzymes and MAO are key mitochondrial enzymes studied in molecular psychiatry. ...
... and in presynaptic nerve terminals. Oxidative phosphorylation enzymes and MAO are key mitochondrial enzymes studied in molecular psychiatry. ...
Identification of Aspartate- 184 as an Essential Residue in the
... of these acidic residues are conserved in all protein kinases, which is consistent with their playing essential roles. The positions of Asp-184 and Glu-91 have been correlated with the overall domain structure of the molecule. Asp-1 84 may participate as a general base catalyst a t the active site. ...
... of these acidic residues are conserved in all protein kinases, which is consistent with their playing essential roles. The positions of Asp-184 and Glu-91 have been correlated with the overall domain structure of the molecule. Asp-1 84 may participate as a general base catalyst a t the active site. ...
of the fatty acid is oxidized. Fatty acid oxidation is divided into two
... Each round generates one molecule each of QH2, NADH, acetyl CoA, and a fatty acyl CoA molecule two carbon atoms shorter than the molecule that entered the round. (ETF is the electrontransferring flavoprotein, a water-soluble protein ...
... Each round generates one molecule each of QH2, NADH, acetyl CoA, and a fatty acyl CoA molecule two carbon atoms shorter than the molecule that entered the round. (ETF is the electrontransferring flavoprotein, a water-soluble protein ...
Three-Dimensional Structure of ATP: Corrinoid Adenosyltransferase
... ReceiVed September 12, 2000; ReVised Manuscript ReceiVed NoVember 6, 2000 ...
... ReceiVed September 12, 2000; ReVised Manuscript ReceiVed NoVember 6, 2000 ...
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
... Isolation of RApOl plasmid DNA. For isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) the resistant strain and a susceptible clone "cured" of RApOl were grown in Trypticase soy broth and labeled for two generations in midlog phase with [3H]thymidine and 1'4C]thymidine, respectively. A culture of strain RN130 ...
... Isolation of RApOl plasmid DNA. For isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) the resistant strain and a susceptible clone "cured" of RApOl were grown in Trypticase soy broth and labeled for two generations in midlog phase with [3H]thymidine and 1'4C]thymidine, respectively. A culture of strain RN130 ...
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMP Shunt)
... HMP shunt (PPP) is less active in skeletal muscle & non-lactating mammary glands Site:- ...
... HMP shunt (PPP) is less active in skeletal muscle & non-lactating mammary glands Site:- ...
Incomplete citric acid cycle obliges aminolevulinic
... control for assays of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, isocitrate lyase (assay c) and malate synthase (data not shown). Likewise, an E. gracilis cell-free extract was used as a positive control for 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase and NAD(P)-linked SSA dehydrogenase (data not shown). ...
... control for assays of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, isocitrate lyase (assay c) and malate synthase (data not shown). Likewise, an E. gracilis cell-free extract was used as a positive control for 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase and NAD(P)-linked SSA dehydrogenase (data not shown). ...
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... ond stage, the acetyl groups are fed into the citric acid cycle, which enzymatically oxidizes them to CO2; the energy released is conserved in the reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH2. In the third stage of respiration, these reduced coenzymes are themselves oxidized, giving up protons (H) and ...
... ond stage, the acetyl groups are fed into the citric acid cycle, which enzymatically oxidizes them to CO2; the energy released is conserved in the reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH2. In the third stage of respiration, these reduced coenzymes are themselves oxidized, giving up protons (H) and ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.