The impact of sperm metabolism during in vitro storage: the stallion
... delivery and activation of the oocyte following fertilisation. The site of sperm deposition (in the vagina for the human and the uterus for the horse) is physically removed from the site of fertilisation (the oviduct). While a proportion of sperm transport is facilitated by uterine contractions, the ...
... delivery and activation of the oocyte following fertilisation. The site of sperm deposition (in the vagina for the human and the uterus for the horse) is physically removed from the site of fertilisation (the oviduct). While a proportion of sperm transport is facilitated by uterine contractions, the ...
Chapter Twenty Three
... conditions that result from elevated blood glucose levels. Excess glucose is reduced to sorbitol. ► Sorbitol is not transported out of the cell. Its rising concentration increases the osmolarity of fluid in the eye, causing increased pressure, cataracts, and blindness. Elevated sorbitol is also asso ...
... conditions that result from elevated blood glucose levels. Excess glucose is reduced to sorbitol. ► Sorbitol is not transported out of the cell. Its rising concentration increases the osmolarity of fluid in the eye, causing increased pressure, cataracts, and blindness. Elevated sorbitol is also asso ...
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)
... Abstract: Modifying substrate uptake systems is a potentially powerful tool in metabolic engineering. This research investigates energetic and metabolic changes brought about by the genetic modification of the glucose uptake and phosphorylation system of Escherichia coli. The engineered strain PPA31 ...
... Abstract: Modifying substrate uptake systems is a potentially powerful tool in metabolic engineering. This research investigates energetic and metabolic changes brought about by the genetic modification of the glucose uptake and phosphorylation system of Escherichia coli. The engineered strain PPA31 ...
Fritz Lipmann - Nobel Lecture
... rather specifically coupled with the glycolytic reaction. Here, however, we had found a coupling of phosphorylation with a respiratory system. This observation immediately suggested a rather sweeping biochemical significance, of transformations of electron transfer potential, respiratory or fermenta ...
... rather specifically coupled with the glycolytic reaction. Here, however, we had found a coupling of phosphorylation with a respiratory system. This observation immediately suggested a rather sweeping biochemical significance, of transformations of electron transfer potential, respiratory or fermenta ...
glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway
... in glycolysis (with pyruvate as the end product) is recovered as ATP with an efficiency of more than 60%. Energy Remaining in Pyruvate Glycolysis releases only a small fraction of the total available energy of the glucose molecule; the two molecules of pyruvate formed by glycolysis still contain mos ...
... in glycolysis (with pyruvate as the end product) is recovered as ATP with an efficiency of more than 60%. Energy Remaining in Pyruvate Glycolysis releases only a small fraction of the total available energy of the glucose molecule; the two molecules of pyruvate formed by glycolysis still contain mos ...
Fatty Acid Metabolism
... • In β-oxidation, two carbons at a time are cleaved from acyl-CoA molecules, starting at the carboxyl end. The chain is broken between the α(2)- and β(3)-carbon atoms—hence the name β-oxidation. The two-carbon units formed are acetyl-CoA; thus, palmitoyl-CoA forms ...
... • In β-oxidation, two carbons at a time are cleaved from acyl-CoA molecules, starting at the carboxyl end. The chain is broken between the α(2)- and β(3)-carbon atoms—hence the name β-oxidation. The two-carbon units formed are acetyl-CoA; thus, palmitoyl-CoA forms ...
Metabolism
... some glucose. • In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase hydrolyzes dextrins to maltose and glucose. • The disaccharides maltose, lactose, and sucrose are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides. • The monosaccharides enter the bloodstream for transport to the cells. Metabolism | # 2 ...
... some glucose. • In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase hydrolyzes dextrins to maltose and glucose. • The disaccharides maltose, lactose, and sucrose are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides. • The monosaccharides enter the bloodstream for transport to the cells. Metabolism | # 2 ...
Chapter 6 PowerPoint File
... • Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that provides ATP during fermentation. – Pyruvic acid is reduced by NADH, producing NAD+, which keeps glycolysis going. – In human muscle cells, lactic acid is a by-product. ...
... • Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that provides ATP during fermentation. – Pyruvic acid is reduced by NADH, producing NAD+, which keeps glycolysis going. – In human muscle cells, lactic acid is a by-product. ...
Skeletal muscle phenotype affects fasting
... (P<0.0001; Fig. 2A,B), but were not significantly altered in gastrocnemius muscles (P=0.53; Fig. 2C,D). Hence, regardless of the respiratory substrate used, the linear relationship between the rate of ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption was significantly shifted to the left in pectoralis muscles fr ...
... (P<0.0001; Fig. 2A,B), but were not significantly altered in gastrocnemius muscles (P=0.53; Fig. 2C,D). Hence, regardless of the respiratory substrate used, the linear relationship between the rate of ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption was significantly shifted to the left in pectoralis muscles fr ...
Chapter 3
... – Lactate that is produced as an end-product of glycolysis is • transported into _______________oxidized via Krebs cycle • Released into the blood stream where it can be used by other muscles (e.g., heart, other muscles) • Released into the blood stream where it can be used by the liver (production ...
... – Lactate that is produced as an end-product of glycolysis is • transported into _______________oxidized via Krebs cycle • Released into the blood stream where it can be used by other muscles (e.g., heart, other muscles) • Released into the blood stream where it can be used by the liver (production ...
Fatty acids - Haverford Alchemy
... 1. What happens during the digestion of triacylglycerols? Be able to list the sequence of events in the digestion of dietary triacylglycerols and their transport into the bloodstream. 2. What are the various roles of lipoproteins in lipid transport? Be able to name the major classes of lipoproteins, ...
... 1. What happens during the digestion of triacylglycerols? Be able to list the sequence of events in the digestion of dietary triacylglycerols and their transport into the bloodstream. 2. What are the various roles of lipoproteins in lipid transport? Be able to name the major classes of lipoproteins, ...
Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
... Only about 7 % of the total potential energy present in glucose is released in glycolysis. ...
... Only about 7 % of the total potential energy present in glucose is released in glycolysis. ...
The proofreading mechanism of isoleucyl
... Based on his results on isoleucyl‐tRNA synthetase’s rejection of valine Fersht proposed in 1978 a double‐sieve proofreading model for aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (Fersht and Dingwall, 1979d). According to this, substrates that are similar to the cognate one, and smaller, b ...
... Based on his results on isoleucyl‐tRNA synthetase’s rejection of valine Fersht proposed in 1978 a double‐sieve proofreading model for aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (Fersht and Dingwall, 1979d). According to this, substrates that are similar to the cognate one, and smaller, b ...
Biochemistry –Second year, Coll
... Disorders of Carnitine Deficiences and β-Oxidation Impairment: Carnitine deficiency which may be primary and secondary leads to decrease utilization of long chain fatty acid LCFA as source of energy, pariculary in the muscles, with dependent mainly on the glucose and so the occurrence of Hypoglycemi ...
... Disorders of Carnitine Deficiences and β-Oxidation Impairment: Carnitine deficiency which may be primary and secondary leads to decrease utilization of long chain fatty acid LCFA as source of energy, pariculary in the muscles, with dependent mainly on the glucose and so the occurrence of Hypoglycemi ...
Supplementary Materials Metabolic Flux Determination in Perfused
... The liver metabolic network involving all possible major liver-specific pathways such as gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, urea cycle, fatty acid metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, glycogen metabolism and amino acid metabolism is given in Table SI. For more detailed explanations about the ...
... The liver metabolic network involving all possible major liver-specific pathways such as gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, urea cycle, fatty acid metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, glycogen metabolism and amino acid metabolism is given in Table SI. For more detailed explanations about the ...
Poster
... carboxybiotin is minimal. When an analog of pyruvate is added to the reaction mixture, the decarboxylation of carboxybiotin occurs rapidly over time. All depicted analogs contain both the carboxyl and oxo groups of pyruvate, suggesting a role for these functional groups in binding the ligand in the ...
... carboxybiotin is minimal. When an analog of pyruvate is added to the reaction mixture, the decarboxylation of carboxybiotin occurs rapidly over time. All depicted analogs contain both the carboxyl and oxo groups of pyruvate, suggesting a role for these functional groups in binding the ligand in the ...
a guide-book to biochemistry
... reasonably ask-' What is it about?', 'What goes on?' These questions cannot be answered in a few, even well-chosen, words. It is true that definitions of biochemistry have been put forward from time to time, good definitions as far as they go, very neatly expressed; yet they all suffer from the draw ...
... reasonably ask-' What is it about?', 'What goes on?' These questions cannot be answered in a few, even well-chosen, words. It is true that definitions of biochemistry have been put forward from time to time, good definitions as far as they go, very neatly expressed; yet they all suffer from the draw ...
Metabolic changes in the glucose-induced apoptotic blastocyst
... in this study (11). This lack of pyruvate oxidation would also support the elevated pyruvate levels. Although the citrate and α-ketoglutarate levels are lower in this report as opposed to all the other TCA cycle components, these two metabolites can readily be converted to glutamate and glutamine an ...
... in this study (11). This lack of pyruvate oxidation would also support the elevated pyruvate levels. Although the citrate and α-ketoglutarate levels are lower in this report as opposed to all the other TCA cycle components, these two metabolites can readily be converted to glutamate and glutamine an ...
Biochemistry for the Radiation Biologist
... currency Adenosine triphosphate is a readily available compound in almost all cells The terminal phosphoanhydride linkage (and the previous one) can be hydrolyzed, yielding energy: ATP + H2O ADP + Pi, Go ~ -30 kJ mol-1 Energy drives other reactions, performs mechanical work in molecular machines ...
... currency Adenosine triphosphate is a readily available compound in almost all cells The terminal phosphoanhydride linkage (and the previous one) can be hydrolyzed, yielding energy: ATP + H2O ADP + Pi, Go ~ -30 kJ mol-1 Energy drives other reactions, performs mechanical work in molecular machines ...
Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis
... acidosis. Similarly, there is a wealth of research evidence to show that acidosis is caused by reactions other than lactate production. Every time ATP is broken down to ADP and Pi, a proton is released. When the ATP demand of muscle contraction is met by mitochondrial respiration, there is no proton ...
... acidosis. Similarly, there is a wealth of research evidence to show that acidosis is caused by reactions other than lactate production. Every time ATP is broken down to ADP and Pi, a proton is released. When the ATP demand of muscle contraction is met by mitochondrial respiration, there is no proton ...
Summary of fatty acid synthesis
... Fatty acids must be activated before they can be transported into mitochondria and oxidized 1. Acyl CoA synthetase catalyzes the activation of a fatty acid in two steps: a) It catalyzes the reaction of the fatty acid with ATP to form an acyl adenylate. b) Subsequently, it catalyzes the attack by CoA ...
... Fatty acids must be activated before they can be transported into mitochondria and oxidized 1. Acyl CoA synthetase catalyzes the activation of a fatty acid in two steps: a) It catalyzes the reaction of the fatty acid with ATP to form an acyl adenylate. b) Subsequently, it catalyzes the attack by CoA ...
©2011 The Simple Homeschool – Simple Days Unit Studies
... biochemistry, sugars play another role besides being the main energy source for metabolism via the process of glycolysis – they can also combine with proteins to create glycoprotein hormones that are essential for all mammal reproduction or combine with lipids to create glycolipids which make up par ...
... biochemistry, sugars play another role besides being the main energy source for metabolism via the process of glycolysis – they can also combine with proteins to create glycoprotein hormones that are essential for all mammal reproduction or combine with lipids to create glycolipids which make up par ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.