Studies Into the Allosteric Regulation of ADP
... Espada, at the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.6 The enzyme requires a divalent metal ion, such as Mg2+ or Mn2+. Although the enzyme catalyzes both the forward (ADPGlc synthesis) and reverse reactions (ATP and Glc1P formation) with relative equilibrium values close to 1, the reaction is essent ...
... Espada, at the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.6 The enzyme requires a divalent metal ion, such as Mg2+ or Mn2+. Although the enzyme catalyzes both the forward (ADPGlc synthesis) and reverse reactions (ATP and Glc1P formation) with relative equilibrium values close to 1, the reaction is essent ...
Chapter 23
... metabolized into succinyl CoA. In this pathway, propionyl-CoA is converted to methylmalonylCoA, a process driven in part by ATP hydrolysis. Succinyl-CoA is a citric acid cycle intermediate that is metabolized to oxaloacetate. This process yields 1 GTP, one FAD-dependent oxidation, and one NAD+-depen ...
... metabolized into succinyl CoA. In this pathway, propionyl-CoA is converted to methylmalonylCoA, a process driven in part by ATP hydrolysis. Succinyl-CoA is a citric acid cycle intermediate that is metabolized to oxaloacetate. This process yields 1 GTP, one FAD-dependent oxidation, and one NAD+-depen ...
Biochemistry: A Short Course
... Dietary lipids are hydrolyzed by lipases in three steps to yield fatty acids and glycerol. The fatty acids are taken up by cells and used as a fuel. ...
... Dietary lipids are hydrolyzed by lipases in three steps to yield fatty acids and glycerol. The fatty acids are taken up by cells and used as a fuel. ...
Dear Notetaker:
... o Adds phosphate group to fructose-6-phosphate 3. Pyruvate kinase o Making ATP Pathways are highly regulated o Do not want to be running both pathways at the same time because that would be wasting lots of energy Pathway o Start with alanine, lactate, and other amino acids from pyruvate o First st ...
... o Adds phosphate group to fructose-6-phosphate 3. Pyruvate kinase o Making ATP Pathways are highly regulated o Do not want to be running both pathways at the same time because that would be wasting lots of energy Pathway o Start with alanine, lactate, and other amino acids from pyruvate o First st ...
Metabolism (degradation) of triacylglycerols and fatty acids
... the acyl CoA dehydrogenation step at the double bond is not required; therefore, no FADH2 is formed • A second accessory enzyme epimerase is needed for the oxidation of polyunsaturated FAs [e.g. C18:2(cis∆6 and cis-∆ ∆9)]. In the course of the degradation process it catalyses the inversion of the hy ...
... the acyl CoA dehydrogenation step at the double bond is not required; therefore, no FADH2 is formed • A second accessory enzyme epimerase is needed for the oxidation of polyunsaturated FAs [e.g. C18:2(cis∆6 and cis-∆ ∆9)]. In the course of the degradation process it catalyses the inversion of the hy ...
Characterization of the regulatory function of the 46
... examine the time required for thioredoxin-f to activate the 46-kDa isoform. The 46-kDa isoform reached its maximum activity in less than 10 min when preincubated with 1 µM thioredoxin-f and when incubated with 3 µM thioredoxin-f, activation was complete within 1 min (data not shown). This indicates ...
... examine the time required for thioredoxin-f to activate the 46-kDa isoform. The 46-kDa isoform reached its maximum activity in less than 10 min when preincubated with 1 µM thioredoxin-f and when incubated with 3 µM thioredoxin-f, activation was complete within 1 min (data not shown). This indicates ...
acetyl CoA carboxylase
... Insulin stimulates fatty acid synthesis causing dephosphorylation of carboxylase. Glucagon and epinephrine have the reverse effect (keep the carboxylase in the inactive phosphorylated state). Protein kinase is activated by AMP and inhibited by ATP. Carboxylase is inactivated when the energy charge i ...
... Insulin stimulates fatty acid synthesis causing dephosphorylation of carboxylase. Glucagon and epinephrine have the reverse effect (keep the carboxylase in the inactive phosphorylated state). Protein kinase is activated by AMP and inhibited by ATP. Carboxylase is inactivated when the energy charge i ...
A Quick Look at Biochemistry: Lipid Metabolism
... Lipids and carbohydrates are the energetic molecules and one of the main components of the metabolic system. These molecules circulate in the blood stream and between the metabolic tissues and transfer energy throughout the body. They are degraded and release their energy in the form of adenosine tr ...
... Lipids and carbohydrates are the energetic molecules and one of the main components of the metabolic system. These molecules circulate in the blood stream and between the metabolic tissues and transfer energy throughout the body. They are degraded and release their energy in the form of adenosine tr ...
CX3 creatine
... Creatine plays a vital role in energy production by recycling ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in muscles. ATP is the body’s major molecule that produces “explosive” chemical energy within cells and is also known as “molecular currency” since it transfers energy within all cells of the body. Approximate ...
... Creatine plays a vital role in energy production by recycling ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in muscles. ATP is the body’s major molecule that produces “explosive” chemical energy within cells and is also known as “molecular currency” since it transfers energy within all cells of the body. Approximate ...
Enzymes
... • Cofactor is the non-protein part of the enzyme molecule. It is necessary for its catalytic function. Our body can not synthesize them often - therefore, we eat their precursors – e.g. vitamins. ...
... • Cofactor is the non-protein part of the enzyme molecule. It is necessary for its catalytic function. Our body can not synthesize them often - therefore, we eat their precursors – e.g. vitamins. ...
Chapter 10
... In Bacteria, Respiratory Functions Are Localized to the Plasma Membrane and the Cytoplasm • Bacteria do not have mitochondria but are capable of aerobic respiration • Their plasma membrane and cytoplasm perform the same functions as the inner membrane and matrix of mitochondria ...
... In Bacteria, Respiratory Functions Are Localized to the Plasma Membrane and the Cytoplasm • Bacteria do not have mitochondria but are capable of aerobic respiration • Their plasma membrane and cytoplasm perform the same functions as the inner membrane and matrix of mitochondria ...
Tyrocidine Biosynthesis by Three Complementary Fractions from
... by its L-ornithine-dependent ATP-[ a2P]Piexchange activity. Exchange activities dependent on all the remaining tyrocidine amino acids gave profiles similar to that of the L-ornithinedependent activity. Only in the case of L-proline was there a second large peak separated into a n intermediate fracti ...
... by its L-ornithine-dependent ATP-[ a2P]Piexchange activity. Exchange activities dependent on all the remaining tyrocidine amino acids gave profiles similar to that of the L-ornithinedependent activity. Only in the case of L-proline was there a second large peak separated into a n intermediate fracti ...
Muscle Energetics and Fatigue - Dr. Feher
... Figure 3. Overall energy metabolism driving contraction in skeletal muscle. ATP is consumed in a variety of reactions including the actomyosin cross-bridges and the SR Ca-ATPase pump. ATP is provided by a variety of routes including glycolysis and complete oxidation of carbohydrates through the TCA ...
... Figure 3. Overall energy metabolism driving contraction in skeletal muscle. ATP is consumed in a variety of reactions including the actomyosin cross-bridges and the SR Ca-ATPase pump. ATP is provided by a variety of routes including glycolysis and complete oxidation of carbohydrates through the TCA ...
Mitochondrial Medicine Arrives to Prime Time in Clinical Care
... ATP synthase. A fifth component—(5) accessory fuel sources—feeds other sugars such as fructose into the glycolysis pathway and feeds nonsugar fuels such as alcohol, amino acids, and fatty acids into the Krebs cycle as acetylCoA. Genotropic defects can occur at any of the enzymatic and transport step ...
... ATP synthase. A fifth component—(5) accessory fuel sources—feeds other sugars such as fructose into the glycolysis pathway and feeds nonsugar fuels such as alcohol, amino acids, and fatty acids into the Krebs cycle as acetylCoA. Genotropic defects can occur at any of the enzymatic and transport step ...
Clamp loader structure predicts the architecture of DNA polymerase
... slides off due to insufficient chemical contacts to the DNA [4]. But on circular DNA, the β ring remains firmly attached, even though it is free to slide around the DNA circle. Spontaneous dissociation occurs with a half-life of over one hour at 37°C, showing that the interfaces remain tightly assoc ...
... slides off due to insufficient chemical contacts to the DNA [4]. But on circular DNA, the β ring remains firmly attached, even though it is free to slide around the DNA circle. Spontaneous dissociation occurs with a half-life of over one hour at 37°C, showing that the interfaces remain tightly assoc ...
Metabolism of Members of the Spiroplasmataceae
... Cell-free extracts from 10 strains of Spiroplasma species were examined for 67 enzyme activities of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, pentose phosphate shunt, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and purine and pyrimidine pathways. The spiroplasmas were fermentative, possessing enzyme activities that convert ...
... Cell-free extracts from 10 strains of Spiroplasma species were examined for 67 enzyme activities of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, pentose phosphate shunt, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and purine and pyrimidine pathways. The spiroplasmas were fermentative, possessing enzyme activities that convert ...
Ch. 23 Oxidation of fatty acids, ketones 1. Fatty acids are fuels:
... • FA in blood used by skeletal muscle over glucose • FA oxidation gives NADH, FAD(2H) by βoxidation; TCA cycle -> high ATP/ADP, NADH/NAD+ and Acetyl CoA concentrations • AMP-dep PK adjusts [malonyl CoA] so CPT1 and β-oxidation operate as needed ...
... • FA in blood used by skeletal muscle over glucose • FA oxidation gives NADH, FAD(2H) by βoxidation; TCA cycle -> high ATP/ADP, NADH/NAD+ and Acetyl CoA concentrations • AMP-dep PK adjusts [malonyl CoA] so CPT1 and β-oxidation operate as needed ...
NADH by James South
... "sparks" thrown off during Krebs’ cycle oxidation and shuttles them to the electron transport side chain energy production cycle. Each unit of NADH is capable of generating three units of ATP energy. In a very real sense, NADH is the "energy of life" coenzyme. NAD(H) is a relatively large and comple ...
... "sparks" thrown off during Krebs’ cycle oxidation and shuttles them to the electron transport side chain energy production cycle. Each unit of NADH is capable of generating three units of ATP energy. In a very real sense, NADH is the "energy of life" coenzyme. NAD(H) is a relatively large and comple ...
Fatty Acid Synthesis
... Thus some polyunsaturated fatty acids are dietary essentials, e.g., linoleic acid, 18:2 cis D9,12 (18 C atoms long, with cis double bonds at carbons 9-10 & 12-13). ...
... Thus some polyunsaturated fatty acids are dietary essentials, e.g., linoleic acid, 18:2 cis D9,12 (18 C atoms long, with cis double bonds at carbons 9-10 & 12-13). ...
Thyroid Hormones_MJH_Class of 2016
... • Receptors for thyroid hormones are nuclear and its affinity is tentimes higher for T3 than T4 • Four variants of nuclear receptor were observed and mitochondrial receptor for T3 was also described • Free thyroid hormone receptor (TR) without bound hormone is bound to hormone response element of DN ...
... • Receptors for thyroid hormones are nuclear and its affinity is tentimes higher for T3 than T4 • Four variants of nuclear receptor were observed and mitochondrial receptor for T3 was also described • Free thyroid hormone receptor (TR) without bound hormone is bound to hormone response element of DN ...
Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology
... Then must cross plasma membrane • Gases, small uncharged & non-polar molecules diffuse down their ∆ [ ] • Important for CO2, auxin & NH3 transport ...
... Then must cross plasma membrane • Gases, small uncharged & non-polar molecules diffuse down their ∆ [ ] • Important for CO2, auxin & NH3 transport ...
Effect of Alanine-293 Replacement on the Activity, ATP Binding, and
... indicated a less hydrophobic chromophore environment and a relatively more flexible dynamic conformation. The change in Tm of LeuRS-A293D was higher than that of all other substitutions. Evidence from sequence alignment and crystal structure of LeuRS from Thermus thermophilus shows that A293 was con ...
... indicated a less hydrophobic chromophore environment and a relatively more flexible dynamic conformation. The change in Tm of LeuRS-A293D was higher than that of all other substitutions. Evidence from sequence alignment and crystal structure of LeuRS from Thermus thermophilus shows that A293 was con ...
ppt
... • skeletal muscle, heart, liver use fatty acids in fasting or other conditions increasing F.A. Ketone bodies are used by: • Brain cells • Intestinal mucosa – transport fatty acids to blood • Adipocytes – store fatty acids in TAG • fetus – ketone bodies cross placenta Liver and red blood cell do not ...
... • skeletal muscle, heart, liver use fatty acids in fasting or other conditions increasing F.A. Ketone bodies are used by: • Brain cells • Intestinal mucosa – transport fatty acids to blood • Adipocytes – store fatty acids in TAG • fetus – ketone bodies cross placenta Liver and red blood cell do not ...
"Fermentation Pathways". In: Microbial Physiology (Fourth Edition)
... neutral or slightly acid pH and an anaerobic environment. The major products formed under these conditions are carbon dioxide and ethanol. The sequence of reactions involved in this pathway is presented in Figure 8-1. However, certain facets of the alcoholic fermentation of yeast bear additional con ...
... neutral or slightly acid pH and an anaerobic environment. The major products formed under these conditions are carbon dioxide and ethanol. The sequence of reactions involved in this pathway is presented in Figure 8-1. However, certain facets of the alcoholic fermentation of yeast bear additional con ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.