Module 3 Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids
... pathway. It likely has no direct effect on PFK-1. D. * There are two sites on PFK-1 that bind ATP. One is the active site; the other is the regulatory site where inhibition occurs. E. None of the above 18. Choose from the below mentioned carbohydrates those, which contains a galactose: A. Hepatin B. ...
... pathway. It likely has no direct effect on PFK-1. D. * There are two sites on PFK-1 that bind ATP. One is the active site; the other is the regulatory site where inhibition occurs. E. None of the above 18. Choose from the below mentioned carbohydrates those, which contains a galactose: A. Hepatin B. ...
Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell)
... 35) What is the basic difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions? A) Exergonic reactions involve ionic bonds; endergonic reactions involve covalent bonds. B) Exergonic reactions involve the breaking of bonds; endergonic reactions involve the formation of bonds. C) Exergonic reactions invo ...
... 35) What is the basic difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions? A) Exergonic reactions involve ionic bonds; endergonic reactions involve covalent bonds. B) Exergonic reactions involve the breaking of bonds; endergonic reactions involve the formation of bonds. C) Exergonic reactions invo ...
Amino Acid Catabolism: N
... adding to the diet the a-keto acid analogs of essential amino acids. Liver transplantation has also been used, since liver is the organ that carries out Urea Cycle. ...
... adding to the diet the a-keto acid analogs of essential amino acids. Liver transplantation has also been used, since liver is the organ that carries out Urea Cycle. ...
16. Energy Metabolism
... to be drawn off for fatty acid synthesis, the pentose phosphate cycle would become active. In any case, glucose oxidation by the pentose phosphate cycle does not result in formation of ATP. One can obtain some measure of the dependence of the liver on oxygen by examining an energy-requiring biosynth ...
... to be drawn off for fatty acid synthesis, the pentose phosphate cycle would become active. In any case, glucose oxidation by the pentose phosphate cycle does not result in formation of ATP. One can obtain some measure of the dependence of the liver on oxygen by examining an energy-requiring biosynth ...
Carbohydrate Storage and Synthesis in Liver and Muscle: Glycogen
... Structure of Glycogen – highly branced ‐glucose polymer Glycogenesis – Glc incorporated into glycogen (liver & muscle, kidney) Glycogenolysis –Glucose mobilized from glycogen in liver and muscle Hormonal regulation of hepatic glycogenesis vs. glycogenolysis – insulin vs. glucagon Mec ...
... Structure of Glycogen – highly branced ‐glucose polymer Glycogenesis – Glc incorporated into glycogen (liver & muscle, kidney) Glycogenolysis –Glucose mobilized from glycogen in liver and muscle Hormonal regulation of hepatic glycogenesis vs. glycogenolysis – insulin vs. glucagon Mec ...
Chapter 2 - Carbon dioxide assimilation and respiration
... reaction catalysed by fructose-1,6-phosphatase. Sucrose-6-phosphate synthase then generates sucrose-6-phosphate from the reaction of fructose-6-phosphate and UDP-glucose. The phosphate group is removed by the action of sucrose-6-phosphatase. This Pi is transported back into the chloroplast where it ...
... reaction catalysed by fructose-1,6-phosphatase. Sucrose-6-phosphate synthase then generates sucrose-6-phosphate from the reaction of fructose-6-phosphate and UDP-glucose. The phosphate group is removed by the action of sucrose-6-phosphatase. This Pi is transported back into the chloroplast where it ...
Prevention of Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage as a
... Metabolism strips electrons from fatty acids, sugars, and amino acids and accumulates them on the soluble electron carrier NADH and on protein-bound FADH2 (Fig. 1). The electrons are then passed down the mitochondrial respiratory chain to drive ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation. As the elec ...
... Metabolism strips electrons from fatty acids, sugars, and amino acids and accumulates them on the soluble electron carrier NADH and on protein-bound FADH2 (Fig. 1). The electrons are then passed down the mitochondrial respiratory chain to drive ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation. As the elec ...
Modulation of the Oligomerization State of the Bovine F1
... coiled-coil, possibly leading to the formation of dimers and higher oligomers (11). By solution NMR studies of the fragment 44 – 84, it has been shown that dimerization is due to the formation of an anti-parallel coiled-coil.1 Although reduction of pH is necessary for IF1 to bind to F1, the mechanis ...
... coiled-coil, possibly leading to the formation of dimers and higher oligomers (11). By solution NMR studies of the fragment 44 – 84, it has been shown that dimerization is due to the formation of an anti-parallel coiled-coil.1 Although reduction of pH is necessary for IF1 to bind to F1, the mechanis ...
Glucose metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi
... Glucose is taken up via one facilitated transporter and its catabolism by the glycolytic pathway leads to the excretion of reduced products, succinate and l‑alanine, even in the presence of oxygen; the first six enzymes are located in a peroxisome‑like organelle, the glycosome, and the lack of regul ...
... Glucose is taken up via one facilitated transporter and its catabolism by the glycolytic pathway leads to the excretion of reduced products, succinate and l‑alanine, even in the presence of oxygen; the first six enzymes are located in a peroxisome‑like organelle, the glycosome, and the lack of regul ...
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY AND FRUCTOSE METABOLISM
... • Branch points are cleaved by a hydrolytic reaction that produces free glucose and is catalyzed by glycogen debranching enzyme. This enzyme also has a transferase activity that can transfer a small oligosaccharide near a branch point to a longer alpha 1-> 4 linked chain. ...
... • Branch points are cleaved by a hydrolytic reaction that produces free glucose and is catalyzed by glycogen debranching enzyme. This enzyme also has a transferase activity that can transfer a small oligosaccharide near a branch point to a longer alpha 1-> 4 linked chain. ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... acid (TCA) cycle, or the Krebs cycle. In the second part of cellular respiration, referred to as oxidative phosphorylation, the high-transfer-potential electrons are transferred to oxygen to form water in a series of oxidation–reduction reactions. This transfer is highly exergonic, and the released ...
... acid (TCA) cycle, or the Krebs cycle. In the second part of cellular respiration, referred to as oxidative phosphorylation, the high-transfer-potential electrons are transferred to oxygen to form water in a series of oxidation–reduction reactions. This transfer is highly exergonic, and the released ...
Muscle function and nutrition
... according to the Nernst equation." 2" Assuming a constant membrane potential of 85 mV, the Cll.:Cl1 ratio calculated from the Nernst equation is 24:1. If the total water and chloride of the muscle tissue and the extracellular concentration of the chloride (obtained by correcting the plasma chloride ...
... according to the Nernst equation." 2" Assuming a constant membrane potential of 85 mV, the Cll.:Cl1 ratio calculated from the Nernst equation is 24:1. If the total water and chloride of the muscle tissue and the extracellular concentration of the chloride (obtained by correcting the plasma chloride ...
Path of Glucose Breakdown and Cell Yields of a
... Actinomyces naeslundii ( A . bovis, ATCC 10049), described previously (Buchanan & Pine, 1963), and Actinomyces propionicus (Buchanan & Pine, 1962) were grown at 37" in the casitone medium of Pine & Watson (1959) or in the casein hydrolysate medium of Pine & Howell (1956). Fermentation products were ...
... Actinomyces naeslundii ( A . bovis, ATCC 10049), described previously (Buchanan & Pine, 1963), and Actinomyces propionicus (Buchanan & Pine, 1962) were grown at 37" in the casitone medium of Pine & Watson (1959) or in the casein hydrolysate medium of Pine & Howell (1956). Fermentation products were ...
1. Fatty acids may be synthesized from dietary glucose via pyruvate
... (2) It increases glucose entry into the adipocytes, so that the formation of DHAP and glycerol-3phosphate is increased. The availability of these products of glycolysis increases the rate of reesterification of free fatty acids to triacylglycerols, thus reducing the rate of release of the fatty acid ...
... (2) It increases glucose entry into the adipocytes, so that the formation of DHAP and glycerol-3phosphate is increased. The availability of these products of glycolysis increases the rate of reesterification of free fatty acids to triacylglycerols, thus reducing the rate of release of the fatty acid ...
Probing Allosteric Binding Sites of the Maize
... et al., 2008) and a C-terminal domain that makes strong hydrophobic interactions with the catalytic domain. In the potato small subunit homotetramer, two of the three bound sulfate ions (per monomer) are located in a crevice between the N- and C-terminal domains, separated by 7.24 Å. We have arbitr ...
... et al., 2008) and a C-terminal domain that makes strong hydrophobic interactions with the catalytic domain. In the potato small subunit homotetramer, two of the three bound sulfate ions (per monomer) are located in a crevice between the N- and C-terminal domains, separated by 7.24 Å. We have arbitr ...
Catalytic mechanism of nucleoside diphosphate kinase investigated
... ABSTRACT: Nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinases display low specificity with respect to the base moiety of the nucleotides and to the 2′-position of the ribose, but the 3′-hydroxyl is found to be important for catalysis. We report in this paper the enzymatic analysis of a series of derivatives of thy ...
... ABSTRACT: Nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinases display low specificity with respect to the base moiety of the nucleotides and to the 2′-position of the ribose, but the 3′-hydroxyl is found to be important for catalysis. We report in this paper the enzymatic analysis of a series of derivatives of thy ...
Specialised training
... D. Competitive phase – refinement of skills/ maintenance of fitness levels/quality rather than quantity/relevant examples of training modifications E. Tapering/peaking – preparation for specific competition/mainly skill focus F. Transition phase – active rest/out of season recovery period ...
... D. Competitive phase – refinement of skills/ maintenance of fitness levels/quality rather than quantity/relevant examples of training modifications E. Tapering/peaking – preparation for specific competition/mainly skill focus F. Transition phase – active rest/out of season recovery period ...
PowerPoint Presentation - Biotin Conclusion and Discussion
... – most takes place in proximal SI by active transport. ...
... – most takes place in proximal SI by active transport. ...
FATTY ACID METABOLISM
... • This activation reaction takes place on the outer mitochondrial membrane, where it is catalyzed by acyl CoA synthase (also called fatty acid thiokinase). ...
... • This activation reaction takes place on the outer mitochondrial membrane, where it is catalyzed by acyl CoA synthase (also called fatty acid thiokinase). ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.