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DNA (Gene) Mutations Gene Mutations Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene May only involve a single nucleotide May be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses, etc. How common are mutations? Mutations occurs at a frequency of about 1 in every 1 billion base pairs Everybody has about 6 mutations in each cell in their body! If I have that many mutations, why don’t I look weird? Mutations are not always seen. Every part of your DNA doesn’t make a protein or trait. Types of Gene Mutations Include: Point Mutations Substitutions Insertions Deletions Frameshift Point Mutation Change of a single nucleotide Includes the deletion, insertion, or substitution of ONE nucleotide in a gene DNA (Gene) Mutation Normal DNA: CGA – TGC – ATC Mutated DNA: CGA – TGC - TTC What has happened to the normal DNA? DNA (Gene) Mutation Normal DNA: CGA – TGC – ATC Mutated DNA: CGA – TGC - TTC *Adenine was accidentally replaced with thymine *What is this mutation called? Substitution Normal DNA: CGA – TGC – ATC Mutated DNA: CGA – TGC - TTC What will happen to the amino acids? Point Mutation Sickle Cell disease is the result of one nucleotide substitution Occurs in the hemoglobin gene DNA (Gene) Mutation Normal DNA: CGA – TGC – ATC Mutated DNA: CGA – TAG – CAT - C What has happened to the normal DNA? DNA (Gene) Mutations Normal DNA: CGA – TGC – ATC Mutated DNA: CGA – TAG – CAT - C *Adenine was inserted,causing the remaining DNA to shift to the right *What is this mutation called? Insertion Normal DNA: CGA – TGC – ATC Mutated DNA: CGA – TAG – CAT - C What will happen to the amino acids? DNA (Gene) Mutation Normal DNA: CGA – TGC – ATC Mutated DNA: CGA – TCA- TC What has happened to the normal DNA? DNA (Gene) Mutation Normal DNA: CGA – TGC – ATC Mutated DNA: CGA – TCA- TC *Guanine was removed, causing the remaining DNA to shift to the left *What is this mutation called? Deletion Normal DNA: CGA – TGC – ATC Mutated DNA: CGA – TCA- TC What will happen to the amino acids? Frameshift Mutation Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides Changes the “reading frame” like changing a sentence Proteins built incorrectly Frameshift Mutation Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Frame Shift (“a” added): The fat aca tat eth ewe era t. Amino Acid Sequence Changed Gene Mutation Animation • What causes mutations? • What happens to a person who has a mutation? • Which mutation would have the least effect on an organism? • When would a mutation have the most effect on an organism?