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Transcript
THE ANIMAL CELL A look at organelles (structures that carry out specific activities in the cell) Cell Membrane • The outer boundary of cells that regulates what can enter and what can leave • Nickname: “Gate Keeper” Cell Membrane Cont’d • The cell membrane is also known as the plasma membrane or the phospholipid bilayer http://sun.menloschool.org/~cweaver/cells/c/cell_membrane/heads.jpg Cell Membrane Cont’d Polar Heads (like water) • It has polar Non-Polar Tails (don’t like water) (hydrophilic = “water loving”) phosphate heads and non-polar (hydrophobic = “water fearing”) fatty acid tails. http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/lipos.gif Cytoplasm • The interior of the cell Nucleus • The nuclear envelope is a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm; it contains pores that allow certain things to enter in and out of the nucleus • The nucleolus is the dense, central region of the nucleus that contains RNA for protein manufacture Nucleus Cont’d http://universe-review.ca/I10-04-cellnucleus.jpg • Control region of the cell • Contains eukaryotic cells’ DNA • Cells that have a nucleus are called eukaryotic cells, while cells that don’t are called prokaryotic Golgi Apparatus • Packages and distributes proteins out of the cell Flagella • Long, whip-like structures that protrude from the cell’s surface and help the cell move Ribosomes • Where proteins are made • Found in the cytoplasm or on the Rough ER Lysosomes • Spherical organelles that contain digestive enzymes (help break things down) • Nickname: Garbage Disposal Lysosomes Cont’d • Lysosomes are types of vesicles, or small, membrane-bound sacs that transport substances in cells http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/images/ch1_lysosome.jpg Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Performs many different functions, including making lipids and breaking down toxins • Has no ribosomes on its surface Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Helps transport proteins that are made by its ribosomes • Has ribosomes studded on its surface Microtubules • Hollow tubes made of the protein tubulin that act as a highway system for the transportation of information from the nucleus to other parts of the cell Microtubules Cont’d • Microtubules are one of three kinds of cytoskeleton fibers • The cytoskeleton provides the internal framework of the cell http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/images/ch1_cytoskeleton.jpg Mitochondria • Produces most of the cell’s ATP • Nickname: Power House of the Cell Mitochondria Cont’d • Each mitochondrion has an outer and inner membrane • The inner membrane has many folds called cristae http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zool ogy/AnimalPhysiology/Anatomy/AnimalCellStructur e/Mitochondria/mitochondria.jpg Labeling the Cell: Practice Labeling the Cell: Answers Cell Project Directions: Directions for Cell Project: • You must create a model of a cell using any materials you would like. The cell should be 3-dimensional as much as possible (particularly the organelles). If the whole cell is edible, you will gain 5 extra challenge points. To receive full credit, your project must be colorful (include at least 4 different colored materials) and clearly resemble a cell. You must demonstrate creativity in the types of materials chosen, and you MUST INCLUDE A KEY that outlines what each material stands for (for example, jellybeans = ribosomes). In this key you must also include an accurate function of each cell organelle (for example, ribosomes are the structure in which proteins are made). Your cell and the key must be neat and complete, including each of the following organelles: (1) Cell membrane (2) Nucleus (3) Cytoplasm (4) Lysosomes (5) Golgi apparatus (6) Smooth ER (7) Rough ER (8) Microtubules (9) Mitochondria (10) Ribosomes (11) Flagella The project must be turned in ON TIME to receive full credit. DUE DATE: Tuesday, January 12 You may work with one partner if you choose. Read the Rubric! • Rubrics show exactly how you will be graded (only a portion is being shown below) Example Cell Projects: Other Examples: Don’t forget a key! More Examples: Example of a Good Key: • Include not only what the organelle is being represented by in your project but ALSO identify each organelle’s function!