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Transcript
Cellular Structure Cell Biology / Genetics Mr. Foster Components of Cells 1. Nucleus- 2. Outer Boundary- 3. Cytoplasm/Organelles- cellular contents and specialized structures that carry out functions of the cell Nucleus • Prokaryote- cell w/o nucleus – (DNA in neucleoid) • Eukaryote- cell with nucleus • Functions – Contains genetic inform. – Control Center- directs all cellular activity Nucleus (cont.) • Structure / Components– Nuclear envelope- regulate what enters and leaves nucleus (Nuclear pores) – Nucleolus-makes ribosomes – Genetic Material- DNA • Chromatin – DNA uncoiled, threadlike, Not Divisional • Chromosomes –DNA is condensed, Divisional – Nucleoplasm -fluid inside nucleus Clicker ?’s 1-5 Outer Boundary • Cell membrane-lipid bilayer with embedded proteins forming a selective boundary • All cells have a cell membrane • Cell wall – Plants and bacteria Cell Membrane (cont.) • Structure- Fluid Mosaic Model 1. Phospholipids Phosphate- likes H2O (hydrophilic) Lipid- does not like H2O (hydrophobic) • Phospholipid bilayer forms membrane Cell Membrane (cont.) • Structure (cont.) 2. Proteins Integral Proteins - embedded in phospholipid bilayer Peripheral protein – not embedded in bilayer Clicker ?’s 6-9 Cell Membrane (cont.) • Structure (cont.) 3. Carbohydrates - attach to proteins (glycoprotein) or lipids (glycolipid) Cell communication – recognize cell type Cell Membrane (cont.) • Structure (cont.) 4. Cytoskeleton –supports the membrane a. microfilaments -strength, anchor cells b. microtubules – mvmt. c. intermediate filaments –not always present, a lot in skin, strong framework (Disease where cells collapse: pg 31) Cytoskeleton Clicker ?’s 10-13 • Functions – Support and protect cell – Communicate with other cells – Controls mvmt. of materials in and out of cell. • Selectively Permeable Cell Transport • Passive – energy not required to move material across membrane – Diffusion – molecules move from high to low concentration to reach equilibrium – Osmosis – type of diffusion involving H2O molecules only Cell Transport (cont.) • Active – Energy required to move materials across membrane Low to High concentration – Ion pumps/Channels- Cl-, Na+, K+, Ca+ – Endocytosis / Exocytosis – membrane forms pockets to move material Ion pumps Clicker ?’s 14-17 Endocytosis / Exocytosis Cytoplasm / Organelles • Cytoplasm – space between nucleus and cell membrane – Cytosol – semitransparent; jellylike substance that surrounds organelles • Organelles – “little organ” Organelles • Endoplasmic Reticulum– Transports materials through inside of cell – Modifies proteins and quality control center • Types of ER – Rough ER • Has ribosome attached • Proteins to be sent outside cell – Smooth ER • No ribosomes • Make lipids, detox cell Smooth or Rough? Organelles (cont.) • Ribosome– Synthesize proteins – Free vs. attached Organelles (cont.) • Mitochondria – Provides energy for the cell ATP • Cellular respiration – Own DNA – Endosymbiont Theory • Free living organism that entered a relationship w/ Nucleated cells – Inherited from mother only – Folds increase surface area Clicker ? 18-22 Organelles (cont.) • Golgi Apparatus (Golgi bodies) modifies, sorts, and ships proteins in packages called vesicles. What is this? Organelles (cont.) • Lysosomes – Membrane bounded sacs that contain enzymes – Clean up cell – Lysosomal Storage disease (Tay Sachs)- missing the enzyme that breaks down the lipid that surrounds the nerve cell Buries the nervous system Organelles (cont.) • Peroxisomes – Sac that contain enzymes that detoxifies harmful products – H2O2 H2O – Alcohol – Abundant in liver cells Clicker ? 23-26 Organelles (cont.) • Centrioles – Composed of microtubules – Contained in specialized region = centrosome – Function in cell division • Organize spindle fibers