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Transcript
Cell Structures and Functions Plasma Membrane • Structure – Phospholipid Membrane: • Amphipathic • Forms a Bilayer (hydrophilic heads on interior and exterior faces of cell) • Fluid Plasma Membrane Function Maintain homeostasis (allow certain things to enter/leave cell so internal processes continue) – Phospholipid bilayer acts as selectively permeable membrane – Proteins act as channels – Carbohydrates act as receptors – Cholesterol decreases fluidity (stabilizes) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – Structure • Lipid Bilayer Network • Studded with Ribosomes • In animal cells, associated with the nuclear membrane – Function • Allows cell products (protein) to travel throughout the cytoplasm • Protein folding occurs here as well Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Structure – Lipid Bilayer Network • Function – Lipid Synthesis – Allows cell products (lipid primarily) to travel throughout the cytoplasm Golgi Apparatus • Structure – Layers of Flattened lipid bilayer vesicles • Function – Works with Cell Membrane/ER’s to • Convert lipid/protein products to usable forms • Transport products throughout/out of cell Golgi Body: Lysosome • Structure – Membrane bound vesicle (golgi body) – Contains digestive enzymes • Function – Digest ingested foods – Break-up/Recycle used-up organelles Golgi Body: Microbodies • Structure – Small lipid bilayer vesicles – Example is Peroxisome • Function – Associated with mitochondria – Break up hydrogen peroxide (harmful byproduct of aerobic respiration) Cytoskeletal Elements – Structure • Protein filaments (3 types) – Function • Allows organelles to move throughout the cell • Move the cell during cell division (or in case of muscle cell, expands and contracts the cell) Mitochondria • Structure – Double membrane organelle with isolated compartments • Function – Compartments isolate reactions involved with aerobic respiration – Function of aerobic respiration is to produce ATP (usable energy molecule) Nucleus • Structure – Nuclear Membrane and Pores • Lipid Bilayer w/ associated protein channels – Chromatin • DNA + protein (histones) • Function – Nuclear membrane and Pores • Controls access to DNA – Chromatin • Keeps Genetic information tightly packed • Genetic information – info for building proteins Ribosomes • Structure – Made of RNA and Protein – Large and Small Subunits • Function – Site of protein manufacturing Cytosol • Structure • Aqueous solution (mostly water and ions) • Function • Fluid medium for chemical reactions Cilia or Flagella • Structure – Protein filaments in a 9+2 arrangement embedded in the membrane • Function – Motile Elements of the Cell – Allows cell to move or moves substances around the cell Vacuoles • Structure – Membrane bound vesicles – often made from in-pocketing of plasma membrane. – Contain various cell products for storage • Function – Store cell products, food, waste, etc. – In plants, the Central Vacuole contains enzymes and water. When filled, it maintains turgor pressure on the cell wall. Cell Wall – Structure • In plants, made of the polysaccharide cellulose as well as the proteins pectin and lignin. Actually 2 layers, depending on the cell function, the thicknesses of each vary. – Contain openings lined with membrane called Plasmodesmata, that allow things to enter the cell. • In fungi, made of nitrogen-rich polysaccharide chitin. – Function • Provides protection and support in plant and fungi cells Chloroplast • Structure – Membrane organelle that contains smaller vesicles called Grana – Grana’s membrane has high concentration of chlorophyll • Function – Use sunlight energy to produce carbohydrates Centrosomes • Structure – Animal cells (small protein filament bundles called centrioles) – Plant cells (associated cytoskeleton elements) • Function – Organizes cytoskeleton during cell division to equally separate chromosomes – Where all cytoskeleton growth originates