Dynamic Equilibrium of Neurotransmitter Transporters: Not Just for
... cleaners, operating continuously to lower extracellular neurotransmitter concentration to zero. However, this is not consistent with their known behavior, instead only reducing extracellular neurotransmitter concentration to a finite, nonzero value at which an equilibrium is reached. In addition, tr ...
... cleaners, operating continuously to lower extracellular neurotransmitter concentration to zero. However, this is not consistent with their known behavior, instead only reducing extracellular neurotransmitter concentration to a finite, nonzero value at which an equilibrium is reached. In addition, tr ...
Lipopolysaccharide-bound structure of the antimicrobial peptide
... broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity activities against several organisms, such as Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The AMP cecropin P1 (CP1), isolated from nematodes found in the stomachs of pigs, is known to exhibit antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteri ...
... broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity activities against several organisms, such as Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The AMP cecropin P1 (CP1), isolated from nematodes found in the stomachs of pigs, is known to exhibit antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteri ...
CONTRIBUTION OF DYSFERLIN-CONTAINING
... links the intracellular F-actin cytoskeleton through the plasma membrane to laminin present in the basal lamina. The intracellular linkage to F-actin is mediated by dystrophin, a >400 kDa protein that contains an N-terminal actin binding domain, a central rod domain and a C-terminal domain that inte ...
... links the intracellular F-actin cytoskeleton through the plasma membrane to laminin present in the basal lamina. The intracellular linkage to F-actin is mediated by dystrophin, a >400 kDa protein that contains an N-terminal actin binding domain, a central rod domain and a C-terminal domain that inte ...
University of Groningen The functional relationship between
... controversy exists whether or not a significant amount of BAAT also resides in the cytosol that could be responsible for reconjugation of cycling C24 bile salts. The existence of a cytosolic pool of BAAT was concluded from the fact that in subcellular fractionation experiments BAAT was always detect ...
... controversy exists whether or not a significant amount of BAAT also resides in the cytosol that could be responsible for reconjugation of cycling C24 bile salts. The existence of a cytosolic pool of BAAT was concluded from the fact that in subcellular fractionation experiments BAAT was always detect ...
Biogenesis and multifaceted roles of outer membrane
... contents to host cells, and eliciting an immune response in host cells. Although hypotheses have been made concerning the mechanism of biogenesis of these vesicles, research on OMV formation is far from complete. The roles of outer membrane components, bacterial quorum sensing molecules and some spe ...
... contents to host cells, and eliciting an immune response in host cells. Although hypotheses have been made concerning the mechanism of biogenesis of these vesicles, research on OMV formation is far from complete. The roles of outer membrane components, bacterial quorum sensing molecules and some spe ...
Annexin-Phospholipid Interactions. Functional Implications
... As previously mentioned, annexins are mainly characterized by their ability to reversibly interact with membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. Although this is true for the vast majority of the members of this family of proteins, some members, such as mammalian annexin A9, do not bind calcium but ...
... As previously mentioned, annexins are mainly characterized by their ability to reversibly interact with membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. Although this is true for the vast majority of the members of this family of proteins, some members, such as mammalian annexin A9, do not bind calcium but ...
The mechanism of Stx2 enrichment in outer membrane vesicles of
... association with outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Inclusion into OMVs has been shown to increase toxin potency [9], enhance delivery [8, 9, 28-32], and protect from degradation [6, 8, 10, 29, 30, 33]. In addition, sequestration inside of OMVs can hide the toxins from antibodies which can bind and ina ...
... association with outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Inclusion into OMVs has been shown to increase toxin potency [9], enhance delivery [8, 9, 28-32], and protect from degradation [6, 8, 10, 29, 30, 33]. In addition, sequestration inside of OMVs can hide the toxins from antibodies which can bind and ina ...
Plasma Membrane Depolarization and Disturbed Na Homeostasis
... of FCCP as indicated. ATP and ADP levels were determined according to the luciferin-luciferase method as described by Kauppinen and Nicholls (1986) and detailed previously (Tretter et al., 1997). Bioluminescence was detected with an LKB Luminometer 1251 (Turku, Finland). Results are expressed as nmo ...
... of FCCP as indicated. ATP and ADP levels were determined according to the luciferin-luciferase method as described by Kauppinen and Nicholls (1986) and detailed previously (Tretter et al., 1997). Bioluminescence was detected with an LKB Luminometer 1251 (Turku, Finland). Results are expressed as nmo ...
Liposomes Types, Mechanism,Sizing and Preparation
... same time shields the non polar part. • Among the amphiphiles used in the drug delivery, viz. soaps detergents, polar lipids; the latter are often employed to form concentric ...
... same time shields the non polar part. • Among the amphiphiles used in the drug delivery, viz. soaps detergents, polar lipids; the latter are often employed to form concentric ...
Electron tomography of plant thylakoid membranes
... number of grana thylakoids within each stack was determined by the repeating layers of PSII dimers, which were clearly visible. In this way, it was possible to discriminate six or eight successive membrane layers in two of the grana stacks, corresponding to three or four grana disks, respectively. M ...
... number of grana thylakoids within each stack was determined by the repeating layers of PSII dimers, which were clearly visible. In this way, it was possible to discriminate six or eight successive membrane layers in two of the grana stacks, corresponding to three or four grana disks, respectively. M ...
The Cutting Edge of Affinity Electrophoresis Technology
... gel, Jackson et al. successfully separated low molecular weight saccharides, including monosaccharides and disaccharides, according to the differences in their structures [12]. Morais et al. applied this method to an analysis of glycoproteins and succeeded in separating glycoproteins in samples from ...
... gel, Jackson et al. successfully separated low molecular weight saccharides, including monosaccharides and disaccharides, according to the differences in their structures [12]. Morais et al. applied this method to an analysis of glycoproteins and succeeded in separating glycoproteins in samples from ...
Glycosyltransferases and Transpeptidases/Penicillin-Binding
... In addition to penicillin, several other antibiotics (glycopetides, lactibiotics, etc.) inhibit the In addition to penicillin, several other antibiotics (glycopetides, lactibiotics, etc.) inhibit the last last stage of peptidoglycan polymerization (GT and TP) by binding to the lipid II substrate, th ...
... In addition to penicillin, several other antibiotics (glycopetides, lactibiotics, etc.) inhibit the In addition to penicillin, several other antibiotics (glycopetides, lactibiotics, etc.) inhibit the last last stage of peptidoglycan polymerization (GT and TP) by binding to the lipid II substrate, th ...
PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND BIOMEMBRANES L. L. M. VAN DEENEN
... tncomplex system between phospholipids, proteins and cations. Many other approaches further endorsed the importance of phospholipids for attaining the physical and chemical arrangements required to give the bio-interfaces their remarkable properties. Sub-cellular components, consisting of membranes ...
... tncomplex system between phospholipids, proteins and cations. Many other approaches further endorsed the importance of phospholipids for attaining the physical and chemical arrangements required to give the bio-interfaces their remarkable properties. Sub-cellular components, consisting of membranes ...
Chapter 4. Unnatural amino acids with caged side chains
... The advent of techniques to alter the amino acids of proteins has permitted the consideration of ‘caged proteins,’ in which particular residues in a protein are provided with photo-removable protecting groups. A number of recent reviews have presented a survey of this literature.21-23 Interesting ex ...
... The advent of techniques to alter the amino acids of proteins has permitted the consideration of ‘caged proteins,’ in which particular residues in a protein are provided with photo-removable protecting groups. A number of recent reviews have presented a survey of this literature.21-23 Interesting ex ...
-ATPases:
... N. plumbaginifolia. These have been followed by several more recent gene duplications and have given rise to additional subfamilies of H+-ATPases, each with one or more members depending on the organism. Is there functional analogy between the H+-ATPases in each subfamily? For example, Arabidopsis A ...
... N. plumbaginifolia. These have been followed by several more recent gene duplications and have given rise to additional subfamilies of H+-ATPases, each with one or more members depending on the organism. Is there functional analogy between the H+-ATPases in each subfamily? For example, Arabidopsis A ...
Chloroplast envelope membranes: a dynamic interface between
... DGDG is present not only in plastid membranes but also in several membranes disconnected from plastid membranes: in the plasma membrane (Andersson et al. 2003), in the mitochondrial membranes (Jouhet et al. 2004), and in the tonoplast (Andersson et al. 2005). Since galactolipids are likely to be syn ...
... DGDG is present not only in plastid membranes but also in several membranes disconnected from plastid membranes: in the plasma membrane (Andersson et al. 2003), in the mitochondrial membranes (Jouhet et al. 2004), and in the tonoplast (Andersson et al. 2005). Since galactolipids are likely to be syn ...
Mechanisms of transport through the Golgi complex
... note that the coat may in some cases remain on the vesicle during the tethering process, with uncoating occurring after tethering. The vesicle SNARE (v-SNARE; dark blue bars) on the vesicle engages the tripartite target-localized SNARE (t-SNARE; maroon bars), which leads to fusion of the vesicle and ...
... note that the coat may in some cases remain on the vesicle during the tethering process, with uncoating occurring after tethering. The vesicle SNARE (v-SNARE; dark blue bars) on the vesicle engages the tripartite target-localized SNARE (t-SNARE; maroon bars), which leads to fusion of the vesicle and ...
Allosteric Interactions after 50Years
... Allosteric Interactions after 50 Years The first article to use the term “allosteric” in its title was published by Monod, Changeux, and Jacob in 1963, 1 followed soon afterwards by another more mechanistically oriented text by Monod, Wyman, and Changeux, with heightened impact. 2 The four founding ...
... Allosteric Interactions after 50 Years The first article to use the term “allosteric” in its title was published by Monod, Changeux, and Jacob in 1963, 1 followed soon afterwards by another more mechanistically oriented text by Monod, Wyman, and Changeux, with heightened impact. 2 The four founding ...
by Booij (Leyden). Introductory § i. systems § 2
... precipitate. Neutral salts will decrease the charge; the having turned into a suspension of uncharged particles, will ...
... precipitate. Neutral salts will decrease the charge; the having turned into a suspension of uncharged particles, will ...
A painful TR(i)P to lysosomes
... lysosomes are not enlarged by vacuolin-1, suggesting that membrane trafficking of TRPA1 lysosomes is not or differentially regulated by general trafficking cues (Fig. 1). No autophagic defects or lysosomal dysfunction have been reported for TRPA1 KO mice. A provocative speculation is that periphera ...
... lysosomes are not enlarged by vacuolin-1, suggesting that membrane trafficking of TRPA1 lysosomes is not or differentially regulated by general trafficking cues (Fig. 1). No autophagic defects or lysosomal dysfunction have been reported for TRPA1 KO mice. A provocative speculation is that periphera ...
A painful TR(i)P to lysosomes
... lysosomes are not enlarged by vacuolin-1, suggesting that membrane trafficking of TRPA1 lysosomes is not or differentially regulated by general trafficking cues (Fig. 1). No autophagic defects or lysosomal dysfunction have been reported for TRPA1 KO mice. A provocative speculation is that periphera ...
... lysosomes are not enlarged by vacuolin-1, suggesting that membrane trafficking of TRPA1 lysosomes is not or differentially regulated by general trafficking cues (Fig. 1). No autophagic defects or lysosomal dysfunction have been reported for TRPA1 KO mice. A provocative speculation is that periphera ...
A painful TR(i)P to lysosomes
... lysosomes are not enlarged by vacuolin-1, suggesting that membrane trafficking of TRPA1 lysosomes is not or differentially regulated by general trafficking cues (Fig. 1). No autophagic defects or lysosomal dysfunction have been reported for TRPA1 KO mice. A provocative speculation is that periphera ...
... lysosomes are not enlarged by vacuolin-1, suggesting that membrane trafficking of TRPA1 lysosomes is not or differentially regulated by general trafficking cues (Fig. 1). No autophagic defects or lysosomal dysfunction have been reported for TRPA1 KO mice. A provocative speculation is that periphera ...
A painful TR(i)P to lysosomes
... lysosomes are not enlarged by vacuolin-1, suggesting that membrane trafficking of TRPA1 lysosomes is not or differentially regulated by general trafficking cues (Fig. 1). No autophagic defects or lysosomal dysfunction have been reported for TRPA1 KO mice. A provocative speculation is that periphera ...
... lysosomes are not enlarged by vacuolin-1, suggesting that membrane trafficking of TRPA1 lysosomes is not or differentially regulated by general trafficking cues (Fig. 1). No autophagic defects or lysosomal dysfunction have been reported for TRPA1 KO mice. A provocative speculation is that periphera ...
Protein targeting, translocation and Escherichia coli Proteomic analysis of substrate-pathway relationships
... However, the lateral movement of both lipids and proteins can be restricted. Today, most membranes are believed to contain patches that have a different lipid and protein composition than the surrounding membrane. These patches can vary in thickness and fluidity. One function of membrane patches is ...
... However, the lateral movement of both lipids and proteins can be restricted. Today, most membranes are believed to contain patches that have a different lipid and protein composition than the surrounding membrane. These patches can vary in thickness and fluidity. One function of membrane patches is ...
Presequence-Independent Manner Transported by the TIM23
... vitro into tom22His mitochondria. Subsequently, mitochondria were solubilized for 30 min in 1% digitonin, 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 0.1 mM EDTA, 50 mM NaCl, 10% (wt/vol) glycerol, and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). We then added 5% (vol/vol) (bed volume) Ninitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) agar ...
... vitro into tom22His mitochondria. Subsequently, mitochondria were solubilized for 30 min in 1% digitonin, 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 0.1 mM EDTA, 50 mM NaCl, 10% (wt/vol) glycerol, and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). We then added 5% (vol/vol) (bed volume) Ninitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) agar ...
Theories of general anaesthetic action
A general anaesthetic (or anesthetic) is a drug that brings about a reversible loss of consciousness. These drugs are generally administered by an anaesthetist/anaesthesiologist in order to induce or maintain general anaesthesia to facilitate surgery.General anaesthetics have been widely used in surgery since 1842 when Crawford Long for the first time administered diethyl ether to a patient and performed a painless operation. It has long been believed that general anaesthetics exert their effects (analgesia, amnesia, immobility) by modulating the activity of membrane proteins in the neuronal membrane. However, the exact location and mechanism of this action are still largely unknown although much research has been done in this area. There are a number of outdated and modern theories that attempt to explain anaesthetic action.The concept of specific interactions between receptors and drugs first introduced by Paul Ehrlich states that drugs act only when they are bound to their targets (receptors). However, this concept does not seem to apply in the case of general anaesthetics because: Molecular structures of general anaesthetics widely used in medicine are very simple and diverse so that there is no obvious structure–activity relationship (see structures of general anaesthetics widely used in medicine: 1 - ethanol, 2 - chloroform, 3 - diethyl ether, 4 - fluroxene, 5 - halothane, 6 - methoxyflurane, 7 - enflurane, 8 - isoflurane, 9 - desflurane, 10 - sevoflurane)Most general anaesthetics have remarkably weak affinity for their targets acting at much higher concentrations than most other drugs so that diverse side effects are inevitable [ref].All these common features of general anaesthetics made it hard for early researchers to believe that general anaesthetics act in a specific manner and their action on neuronal membrane was thought to be global (through nonspecific perturbation of lipid membrane of CNS neurons) rather than through specific sites.