A SMN missense mutation complements SMN2 restoring snRNPs
... analysis has been performed and various splicing changes identified, it is still not clear which changes are due to reduced SMN levels as opposed to stress or secondary changes (41). Thus, no specific targets of SMN reduction have been identified to date. SMN has also been found in axons and growth ...
... analysis has been performed and various splicing changes identified, it is still not clear which changes are due to reduced SMN levels as opposed to stress or secondary changes (41). Thus, no specific targets of SMN reduction have been identified to date. SMN has also been found in axons and growth ...
A (1,1) - Math.Cinvestav
... Presentation of energy landscapes by tree-like graphs The relations between the basins embedded one into another are presented by a tree-like graph. Such a tee is interpreted as a “skeleton” of complex energy landscape. The nodes on the border of the tree ( the “leaves”) are associated with local e ...
... Presentation of energy landscapes by tree-like graphs The relations between the basins embedded one into another are presented by a tree-like graph. Such a tee is interpreted as a “skeleton” of complex energy landscape. The nodes on the border of the tree ( the “leaves”) are associated with local e ...
Understanding The Function And Regulation Of Eukaryotic Release
... RF3 is not essential; however it is required for maximal growth efficiency. RF3 does not aid in stop codon recognition or peptidyl hydrolysis but is required in the transition of termination to recycling. GTP hydrolysis of RF3 is needed for the transition, although RF1 and RF2 do not stimulate this ...
... RF3 is not essential; however it is required for maximal growth efficiency. RF3 does not aid in stop codon recognition or peptidyl hydrolysis but is required in the transition of termination to recycling. GTP hydrolysis of RF3 is needed for the transition, although RF1 and RF2 do not stimulate this ...
Aqua-BioSci. Monogr. (ABSM), Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 1–57 (2008)
... when pyruvate is used, about half of the pyruvate is converted to lactate by LDH, as shown in Fig. 6B (Krebs 1968) and so an equivalent amount of NADH in the cytosole is consumed. Therefore, cytosolic NADH is increased when lactate is used as a gluconeogenetic sustrate, but decreased when pyruvate i ...
... when pyruvate is used, about half of the pyruvate is converted to lactate by LDH, as shown in Fig. 6B (Krebs 1968) and so an equivalent amount of NADH in the cytosole is consumed. Therefore, cytosolic NADH is increased when lactate is used as a gluconeogenetic sustrate, but decreased when pyruvate i ...
ATP– and ADP–DnaA protein, a molecular switch in gene regulation
... Fig. 4. ATP–DnaA protein represses the dnaA promoter more effectively than ADP–DnaA protein. Run-off in vitro transcripts from a 621 bp EcoRI–EcoRV restriction fragment that contains promoters dnaAp1, dnaAp2 and rpmHp1 as a control. Purified ATP– or ADP– DnaA protein (35, 70, 105, 140, 175, 210 and ...
... Fig. 4. ATP–DnaA protein represses the dnaA promoter more effectively than ADP–DnaA protein. Run-off in vitro transcripts from a 621 bp EcoRI–EcoRV restriction fragment that contains promoters dnaAp1, dnaAp2 and rpmHp1 as a control. Purified ATP– or ADP– DnaA protein (35, 70, 105, 140, 175, 210 and ...
Axonal of Kinesin in the Chain Isoforms
... from nerve terminal back to cell body in retrograde transport. The roles played by various kinesin isoforms in this highly organized transport scheme and the molecular basis for regulation of kinesin activity have been largely unexamined. There is also a possibility that kinesin associates with cell ...
... from nerve terminal back to cell body in retrograde transport. The roles played by various kinesin isoforms in this highly organized transport scheme and the molecular basis for regulation of kinesin activity have been largely unexamined. There is also a possibility that kinesin associates with cell ...
University of Groningen Polymerization of the bacterial cell division
... The role of FtsZ in cell division .................................................................................... 8 FtsZ ring positioning........................................................................................... 8 Targeting of other cell division proteins to the FtsZ ring ..... ...
... The role of FtsZ in cell division .................................................................................... 8 FtsZ ring positioning........................................................................................... 8 Targeting of other cell division proteins to the FtsZ ring ..... ...
Pulmonary Surfactant Protein A Activates a
... Jason Lees,* Eric Tibesar,* and Larry S. Schlesinger2† Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a major component of lung surfactant, binds to macrophages and has been shown to alter several macrophage biological functions, including up-regulation of macrophage mannose receptor (MR) activity. In the present stu ...
... Jason Lees,* Eric Tibesar,* and Larry S. Schlesinger2† Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a major component of lung surfactant, binds to macrophages and has been shown to alter several macrophage biological functions, including up-regulation of macrophage mannose receptor (MR) activity. In the present stu ...
Development 128, 4439-4447 (2001)
... dissociated in Ca2+/Mg2+ free saline, incubated for 3 hours, and the secreted Chordin protein analyzed by western blot. Two affinity-purified antibodies were used, one raised against the central region of Chordin and one specific for the N terminus (Fig. 2A). Microinjection of Tsg mRNA caused a mark ...
... dissociated in Ca2+/Mg2+ free saline, incubated for 3 hours, and the secreted Chordin protein analyzed by western blot. Two affinity-purified antibodies were used, one raised against the central region of Chordin and one specific for the N terminus (Fig. 2A). Microinjection of Tsg mRNA caused a mark ...
Print
... used (182). The basis for this assay is the induction of fusion between two separate cell populations whose mitochondrial matrix is labeled in a different manner (i.e., with green and red mitochondrial-targeted fluorescent proteins). The distinct mitochondrial labels in fused cells (polykarions) col ...
... used (182). The basis for this assay is the induction of fusion between two separate cell populations whose mitochondrial matrix is labeled in a different manner (i.e., with green and red mitochondrial-targeted fluorescent proteins). The distinct mitochondrial labels in fused cells (polykarions) col ...
The scaffolding protein Cnk Interacts with Alk to Promote Visceral
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Jan. 12, 2017; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/099986. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. ...
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Jan. 12, 2017; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/099986. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. ...
Matching catalytic activity to developmental function: Tolloid
... et al., 1996), probably by blocking an auto-activating Dpp feedback loop. Two smaller veins, called crossveins, develop late in this process, from tissue that is initially specified to be intervein material. PCV development is initiated by high levels of Bmp signaling. Therefore, the PCV is especial ...
... et al., 1996), probably by blocking an auto-activating Dpp feedback loop. Two smaller veins, called crossveins, develop late in this process, from tissue that is initially specified to be intervein material. PCV development is initiated by high levels of Bmp signaling. Therefore, the PCV is especial ...
Post-Translational Modifications of the TAK1-TAB Complex
... family member 11 (CARD11, also called CARMA1), B-cell CLL/lymphoma 10 (BCL10), and mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation gene 1 (MALT1), following the activation of the phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC) [3,21,29,30]. TRAF6 recruited to the receptor complex undergoes ...
... family member 11 (CARD11, also called CARMA1), B-cell CLL/lymphoma 10 (BCL10), and mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation gene 1 (MALT1), following the activation of the phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC) [3,21,29,30]. TRAF6 recruited to the receptor complex undergoes ...
C/EBPα triggers proteasome‐dependent degradation of cdk4 during
... (Wang et al., 2001). A detailed analysis of cdk4 in livers of wild-type and C/EBPa-knockout animals indicated a complex regulation of cdk4 by C/EBPa. In addition to the direct inhibition of cdk4 activity, C/EBPa also controls protein levels of cdk4. Figure 1A shows western blotting analysis of cdk4 ...
... (Wang et al., 2001). A detailed analysis of cdk4 in livers of wild-type and C/EBPa-knockout animals indicated a complex regulation of cdk4 by C/EBPa. In addition to the direct inhibition of cdk4 activity, C/EBPa also controls protein levels of cdk4. Figure 1A shows western blotting analysis of cdk4 ...
The KetelD Dominant-Negative Mutations Identify
... Ketel D eggs the female and the male pronuclei are poorly contoured and suggest nuclear envelope (NE) defects (Figure 1, C and E). As a rule, disorganized masses of MTs form instead of the gonomeric spindle. The MT mass appears as a prominent sperm aster and persists for several minutes (Figure 1, E ...
... Ketel D eggs the female and the male pronuclei are poorly contoured and suggest nuclear envelope (NE) defects (Figure 1, C and E). As a rule, disorganized masses of MTs form instead of the gonomeric spindle. The MT mass appears as a prominent sperm aster and persists for several minutes (Figure 1, E ...
Establishing neuroblast-specific gene expression in the Drosophila
... Fig. 1. Hkb protein pattern in wild-type embryos. Neuroblast stages and names according to Broadus et al. (1995); embryonic stages according to CamposOrtega and Hartenstein (1985). Anterior is up; midline denoted by a black line. (A-C) Lateral views. (A) Blastoderm stage. Hkb is detected in the ante ...
... Fig. 1. Hkb protein pattern in wild-type embryos. Neuroblast stages and names according to Broadus et al. (1995); embryonic stages according to CamposOrtega and Hartenstein (1985). Anterior is up; midline denoted by a black line. (A-C) Lateral views. (A) Blastoderm stage. Hkb is detected in the ante ...
University of Groningen The functional relationship between
... intestinal lumen. The bile salt/phospholipid mixed-micelles take up fat-soluble compounds and carry them through the intestinal tract so they can be absorbed in the gut or efficiently secreted in the feces (6). At the terminal ileum, the majority (~95%) of bile salts is reabsorbed and return to the ...
... intestinal lumen. The bile salt/phospholipid mixed-micelles take up fat-soluble compounds and carry them through the intestinal tract so they can be absorbed in the gut or efficiently secreted in the feces (6). At the terminal ileum, the majority (~95%) of bile salts is reabsorbed and return to the ...
PRH/Hex - Biochemical Journal
... located downstream of the homeodomain in NK proteins. These differences suggest the possibility that PRH could equally be placed in a subclass of its own. The consensus PRH-binding site is 5 -C/TA/TATTAAA/G-3 as determined by SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) experi ...
... located downstream of the homeodomain in NK proteins. These differences suggest the possibility that PRH could equally be placed in a subclass of its own. The consensus PRH-binding site is 5 -C/TA/TATTAAA/G-3 as determined by SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) experi ...
Pathways of NeurSospora crassa and Saccharomyces cerevisiaet
... inhibition at 14 mM), and the mutants, unlike the wild type, synthesize ornithine in vivo in the presence of arginine (I. Goodman and R. L. Weiss, submitted for publication). The mutations in these strains are not separable from the kinase structural gene. Given the mitoehondrial localization of the ...
... inhibition at 14 mM), and the mutants, unlike the wild type, synthesize ornithine in vivo in the presence of arginine (I. Goodman and R. L. Weiss, submitted for publication). The mutations in these strains are not separable from the kinase structural gene. Given the mitoehondrial localization of the ...
The PINK1 p.I368N mutation affects protein stability and ubiquitin
... Methods: Here, we characterized the pathogenicity of the PINK1 p.I368N mutation on the clinical and genetic as well as on the structural and functional level in patients’ fibroblasts and in cell-based, biochemical assays. Results: Under endogenous conditions, PINK1 p.I368N is expressed, imported, an ...
... Methods: Here, we characterized the pathogenicity of the PINK1 p.I368N mutation on the clinical and genetic as well as on the structural and functional level in patients’ fibroblasts and in cell-based, biochemical assays. Results: Under endogenous conditions, PINK1 p.I368N is expressed, imported, an ...
Mutational Analysis of the Drosophila Sister-Chromatid
... precisely, the natureof the physical association between sisters is poorly understood. In addition, very little is known about the molecules that control temporal and spatial changes in cohesion, allowing chromosomes to separate from each other at the proper time. Genetic analysis of mutations that ...
... precisely, the natureof the physical association between sisters is poorly understood. In addition, very little is known about the molecules that control temporal and spatial changes in cohesion, allowing chromosomes to separate from each other at the proper time. Genetic analysis of mutations that ...
Collagen Diversity, Synthesis and Assembly
... due to the use of alternative transcriptional start sites. Collagen IX is covalently cross-linked to both collagens II and XI in the cartilage fibril, through lysine-derived cross-links; recent studies have shown how flexibility within the non-collagenous domains allows these cross-links to form (Ey ...
... due to the use of alternative transcriptional start sites. Collagen IX is covalently cross-linked to both collagens II and XI in the cartilage fibril, through lysine-derived cross-links; recent studies have shown how flexibility within the non-collagenous domains allows these cross-links to form (Ey ...
Identification of a Nuclear Export Signal in the Catalytic Subunit of
... (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0). ...
... (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0). ...
Posttranslational Modification of MDM2
... the amino terminal 115 residues (which, incidentally, contain only one SQ motif, located at position 17; 35, 36). Interestingly, however, although physiological phosphorylation of ser-17 has yet to be confirmed, the phosphorylation site itself has been reported to have a significant impact on the ab ...
... the amino terminal 115 residues (which, incidentally, contain only one SQ motif, located at position 17; 35, 36). Interestingly, however, although physiological phosphorylation of ser-17 has yet to be confirmed, the phosphorylation site itself has been reported to have a significant impact on the ab ...
Biological effects of Extracellular fibrinogen binding protein (Efb) in
... determinants. With the exception of the toxinoses (toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome), it is clear that no single factor is responsible for a particular staphylococcal infection and that development of infection is multifactorial. The organism stringently regulates virulenc ...
... determinants. With the exception of the toxinoses (toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome), it is clear that no single factor is responsible for a particular staphylococcal infection and that development of infection is multifactorial. The organism stringently regulates virulenc ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.