Differential recruitment of Dishevelled provides signaling specificity
... receptor (Bhanot et al. 1996), although confirmation awaits more definitive evidence. This observation also raises the possibility that another member of the Wnt family, of which four have been identified in Drosophila, could function as the PCP ligand to regulate Fz activity. Wnt signaling appears ...
... receptor (Bhanot et al. 1996), although confirmation awaits more definitive evidence. This observation also raises the possibility that another member of the Wnt family, of which four have been identified in Drosophila, could function as the PCP ligand to regulate Fz activity. Wnt signaling appears ...
Affinity Precipitation of a Monoclonal Antibody ELP-Z Stimuli Responsive Biopolymer
... by centrifugation for 30 min at 4,000g to recover the ELP-ZmAb precipitates. The supernatants after centrifugation were collected and analyzed using analytical Protein A chromatography and reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) (discussed below) for the presence of leftover mAb and ELP-Z, respe ...
... by centrifugation for 30 min at 4,000g to recover the ELP-ZmAb precipitates. The supernatants after centrifugation were collected and analyzed using analytical Protein A chromatography and reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) (discussed below) for the presence of leftover mAb and ELP-Z, respe ...
Actin as target for modification by bacterial protein toxins
... Fig. 2. Different structures of actin–ADP-ribosylating toxins ⁄ effectors, which all modify actin at Arg177. The family of binary toxins consists of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin, Clostridium perfringens iota toxin, Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT), Bacillus cereus vegetative insecticidal to ...
... Fig. 2. Different structures of actin–ADP-ribosylating toxins ⁄ effectors, which all modify actin at Arg177. The family of binary toxins consists of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin, Clostridium perfringens iota toxin, Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT), Bacillus cereus vegetative insecticidal to ...
Serine Residues 286, 288, and 293 within the CIITA: A
... of extracts from COS cells transfected with wildtype CIITA (lanes 1 and 2), CIITA fused to an NLS at its C terminus (CIITANLS), which shows strong nuclear localization, or CIITA containing a deletion of the five amino acids comprising NLS2 (CIITA⌬955–959), which is localized to the cytoplasm. Extrac ...
... of extracts from COS cells transfected with wildtype CIITA (lanes 1 and 2), CIITA fused to an NLS at its C terminus (CIITANLS), which shows strong nuclear localization, or CIITA containing a deletion of the five amino acids comprising NLS2 (CIITA⌬955–959), which is localized to the cytoplasm. Extrac ...
The Copper Efflux Regulator CueR Is Subject to ATP
... Front. Mol. Biosci. 4:9. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00009 ...
... Front. Mol. Biosci. 4:9. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00009 ...
PIN-Dependent Auxin Transport: Action, Regulation
... members of the family, and look at the family from an evolutionary perspective. Next, we cover the cell biological and molecular aspects of PIN function, in particular the establishment of their polar subcellular localization. Hormonal and environmental inputs into the regulation of PIN action are s ...
... members of the family, and look at the family from an evolutionary perspective. Next, we cover the cell biological and molecular aspects of PIN function, in particular the establishment of their polar subcellular localization. Hormonal and environmental inputs into the regulation of PIN action are s ...
Neurotransmitter signaling through heterotrimeric G
... three octopamine receptors, three tyramine receptor, three acetylcholine receptors, two GABA receptors that function together as an obligate dimer, three apparent glutamate receptors, and six additional predicted receptors with sequence similarity to small molecule neurotransmitter GPCRs that have y ...
... three octopamine receptors, three tyramine receptor, three acetylcholine receptors, two GABA receptors that function together as an obligate dimer, three apparent glutamate receptors, and six additional predicted receptors with sequence similarity to small molecule neurotransmitter GPCRs that have y ...
PKC regulates the hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes through
... encoding adenovirus, to quantify overexpression levels, and to evaluate antibody specificity (multiplicity of infection [moi] of 100 plaque forming units [pfu]/ml, resulting in 95% infectivity). The data showed no cross-reactivity between any of the four isozyme-specific antibodies used, although n ...
... encoding adenovirus, to quantify overexpression levels, and to evaluate antibody specificity (multiplicity of infection [moi] of 100 plaque forming units [pfu]/ml, resulting in 95% infectivity). The data showed no cross-reactivity between any of the four isozyme-specific antibodies used, although n ...
2.1.databases_intro - T
... •Write down the PubMed Identifier (the number in the PMID field) of that interesting paper you just find. It could be very useful in your subsequent search for related items such as associated gene and protein sequences ...
... •Write down the PubMed Identifier (the number in the PMID field) of that interesting paper you just find. It could be very useful in your subsequent search for related items such as associated gene and protein sequences ...
Functional analysis of parvin and different modes of IPP
... this insertion are both viable. Upon imprecise excision we obtained 110 lethal lines that were rescued to adult viability by the 7.2 kb, but not the 3.5 kb genomic construct of parvin–GFP (Fig. 1B). We focused on two excision lines, parvin251 and parvin694, harboring deletions only within the parvin ...
... this insertion are both viable. Upon imprecise excision we obtained 110 lethal lines that were rescued to adult viability by the 7.2 kb, but not the 3.5 kb genomic construct of parvin–GFP (Fig. 1B). We focused on two excision lines, parvin251 and parvin694, harboring deletions only within the parvin ...
Ectopic expression of beta-cytoplasmic actin
... flightlessness and disorganized myofibrils. One might expect that cytoplasmic actin isoforms, which function in a very different environment from the highly ordered IFMs, differ most from muscle actin isoforms. However, human β-cytoplasmic actin diverges from the Drosophila IFM-specific isoform by o ...
... flightlessness and disorganized myofibrils. One might expect that cytoplasmic actin isoforms, which function in a very different environment from the highly ordered IFMs, differ most from muscle actin isoforms. However, human β-cytoplasmic actin diverges from the Drosophila IFM-specific isoform by o ...
The growth hormone auxin
... negative regulators 2. Mutations in Aux /IAA confer dominant auxin resistance; probably increase the half-life of Aux /IAA proteins ...
... negative regulators 2. Mutations in Aux /IAA confer dominant auxin resistance; probably increase the half-life of Aux /IAA proteins ...
The Role of the N-Terminal Domains of Bacterial Initiator DnaA in
... among organisms, with greater differences occurring among more unrelated taxonomic groups [3,4]. It is assumed that the molecular mechanism of replication initiation and its control are simplest in bacteria and most complex in Eukaryota. Indeed, the composition of the initiation complex in bacteria ...
... among organisms, with greater differences occurring among more unrelated taxonomic groups [3,4]. It is assumed that the molecular mechanism of replication initiation and its control are simplest in bacteria and most complex in Eukaryota. Indeed, the composition of the initiation complex in bacteria ...
Visceral endoderm-restricted translation of Otx1
... their temporal and spatial transcriptional control might account for the highly divergent phenotypes observed in mice lacking Otx1 or Otx2, or (ii) Otx1 and Otx2 gene products might display unique functional properties, specified by their limited aminoacid divergence, that are required in restricted ...
... their temporal and spatial transcriptional control might account for the highly divergent phenotypes observed in mice lacking Otx1 or Otx2, or (ii) Otx1 and Otx2 gene products might display unique functional properties, specified by their limited aminoacid divergence, that are required in restricted ...
presence of allhnase in isolated vacuoles and of alkyl
... alkyl cysteine sulphoxides. (The trace of alkyl cysteine sulphoxides was probably the result of the 1% or so contamination by intact protoplasts). The amount of alliinase in the vacuoles was sufficient to account for the alliinase in a similar number of intact protoplasts, suggesting that in the int ...
... alkyl cysteine sulphoxides. (The trace of alkyl cysteine sulphoxides was probably the result of the 1% or so contamination by intact protoplasts). The amount of alliinase in the vacuoles was sufficient to account for the alliinase in a similar number of intact protoplasts, suggesting that in the int ...
Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2 Transcription Factors in Heart
... In the late-1980s and early-1990s, numerous transcription factors involved in skeletal muscle development were identified. These studies were highlighted by the seminal observations of Davis et al. who showed that the myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor MyoD alone could initi ...
... In the late-1980s and early-1990s, numerous transcription factors involved in skeletal muscle development were identified. These studies were highlighted by the seminal observations of Davis et al. who showed that the myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor MyoD alone could initi ...
Effete, a Drosophila chromatin-associated ubiquitin
... DNA replication and shield chromosome ends from inappropriate DNA repair, which might result in end-to-end fusion (Palm and De Lange 2008; Jain and Cooper 2010; Raffa et al. 2011). In most organisms, telomeres terminate with tandemly repeated of G-rich sequences, which are added to chromosome ends b ...
... DNA replication and shield chromosome ends from inappropriate DNA repair, which might result in end-to-end fusion (Palm and De Lange 2008; Jain and Cooper 2010; Raffa et al. 2011). In most organisms, telomeres terminate with tandemly repeated of G-rich sequences, which are added to chromosome ends b ...
Purification and characterization of a novel caffeine oxidase from
... by the organic nitrogen compounds peptone, yeast extract and tryptone. Enzyme production was substantially suppressed in the presence of ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride. These results suggest that the external carbon and nitrogen sources have regulatory effect on caffeine oxidase biosynthesis ...
... by the organic nitrogen compounds peptone, yeast extract and tryptone. Enzyme production was substantially suppressed in the presence of ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride. These results suggest that the external carbon and nitrogen sources have regulatory effect on caffeine oxidase biosynthesis ...
Maternal mRNAs are regulated by diverse P body
... the RNA helicase CGH-1/RCK/Dhh1/Me31B and the Sm domain protein CAR-1/Rap55/Sdc6/Trailer Hitch (Navarro et al., 2001; Audhya et al., 2005; Boag et al., 2005; Squirrell et al., 2006). In embryos, the decapping enzyme subunits DCAP-1 and DCAP-2 colocalize with these other P body factors in P body–like ...
... the RNA helicase CGH-1/RCK/Dhh1/Me31B and the Sm domain protein CAR-1/Rap55/Sdc6/Trailer Hitch (Navarro et al., 2001; Audhya et al., 2005; Boag et al., 2005; Squirrell et al., 2006). In embryos, the decapping enzyme subunits DCAP-1 and DCAP-2 colocalize with these other P body factors in P body–like ...
Cbp3–Cbp6 interacts with the yeast mitochondrial ribosomal tunnel
... as a docking site for a variety of biogenesis factors. This is well documented in bacteria (Kramer et al., 2009). The interactors of the tunnel exit of bacterial ribosomes can be classified into three different groups, namely (1) processing enzymes like ...
... as a docking site for a variety of biogenesis factors. This is well documented in bacteria (Kramer et al., 2009). The interactors of the tunnel exit of bacterial ribosomes can be classified into three different groups, namely (1) processing enzymes like ...
The Presynaptic Microtubule Cytoskeleton in Physiological and
... functions became apparent, since tubulin directly interacts with the presynaptic protein Synapsin I (Nakayama and Silverman, 1986). Synapsin proteins form a family of neuronal phosphoproteins that cluster SVs to cytoskeletal elements at presynaptic terminals, regulating SV cycling and neurotransmitt ...
... functions became apparent, since tubulin directly interacts with the presynaptic protein Synapsin I (Nakayama and Silverman, 1986). Synapsin proteins form a family of neuronal phosphoproteins that cluster SVs to cytoskeletal elements at presynaptic terminals, regulating SV cycling and neurotransmitt ...
{PDOC00000} {BEGIN
... asparagine residue is glycosylated, due to the fact that the folding of the protein plays an important role in the regulation of N-glycosylation [2]. It has been shown [3] that the presence of proline between Asn and Ser/Thr will inhibit N-glycosylation; this has been confirmed by a recent [4] stati ...
... asparagine residue is glycosylated, due to the fact that the folding of the protein plays an important role in the regulation of N-glycosylation [2]. It has been shown [3] that the presence of proline between Asn and Ser/Thr will inhibit N-glycosylation; this has been confirmed by a recent [4] stati ...
Interactions of Annexins with the mu Subunits of the Clathrin
... To search for proteins that interact with the N-terminal domain of annexin A2, the N-terminal 34 residues were fused to the yeast GAL4 DNA binding domain and used as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a human fetal brain cDNA library. The bait construct was found not to cause autoactivation in c ...
... To search for proteins that interact with the N-terminal domain of annexin A2, the N-terminal 34 residues were fused to the yeast GAL4 DNA binding domain and used as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a human fetal brain cDNA library. The bait construct was found not to cause autoactivation in c ...
Role of histone deacetylase 2 and its
... without correction, the function of the hypertrophied heart declines, leading to heart failure. Despite intensive management, heart failure is still one of the most common causes of death (4). To acquire proper functions, many proteins undergo modification after translation by enzymes, a process re ...
... without correction, the function of the hypertrophied heart declines, leading to heart failure. Despite intensive management, heart failure is still one of the most common causes of death (4). To acquire proper functions, many proteins undergo modification after translation by enzymes, a process re ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.