The G-protein regulator LGN modulates the activity of the NO
... BE2 cells transfected with pCDNA3.1-FLAG-LGN plasmid or control pCDNA3.1 vector were collected from confluent 100-mmdiameter culture dishes, washed twice with PBS and resuspended in 500 μl of PBS containing protease inhibitor mixture. For co-immunoprecipitation of sGC–LGN complex from tissues, ∼0.5 ...
... BE2 cells transfected with pCDNA3.1-FLAG-LGN plasmid or control pCDNA3.1 vector were collected from confluent 100-mmdiameter culture dishes, washed twice with PBS and resuspended in 500 μl of PBS containing protease inhibitor mixture. For co-immunoprecipitation of sGC–LGN complex from tissues, ∼0.5 ...
The Center for Organogenesis | University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
... immunoreactivity was largely lost at E8.5 in the surface ectoderm (Fig. 3B), but was somewhat patchy, presumably because some latedeleting cells retained residual Pax6. By E9.5 (Fig. 3E) and E10.5 (Fig. 3H) the presumptive lens ectoderm of AP2α-cre; Pax6FL/FL embryos showed no Pax6 immunoreactivity. ...
... immunoreactivity was largely lost at E8.5 in the surface ectoderm (Fig. 3B), but was somewhat patchy, presumably because some latedeleting cells retained residual Pax6. By E9.5 (Fig. 3E) and E10.5 (Fig. 3H) the presumptive lens ectoderm of AP2α-cre; Pax6FL/FL embryos showed no Pax6 immunoreactivity. ...
The mechanism of Stx2 enrichment in outer membrane vesicles of
... virulence factors produced by non-obligate pathogens have a function for survival in the environment. Since the majority of the time these microbes are living without a mammalian host, it is likely that Stx1 has a function not involved with mammalian pathogenesis. Specific Aim 1: Test the hypothesis ...
... virulence factors produced by non-obligate pathogens have a function for survival in the environment. Since the majority of the time these microbes are living without a mammalian host, it is likely that Stx1 has a function not involved with mammalian pathogenesis. Specific Aim 1: Test the hypothesis ...
An AT-hook gene is required for palea formation and floral organ
... identified and characterized rice mutants that specifically disrupted the development of palea, one of the outer whorl floral organs. The depressed palea1 (dp1) mutants show a primary defect in the main structure of palea, implying that palea is a fusion between the main structure and marginal tissues ...
... identified and characterized rice mutants that specifically disrupted the development of palea, one of the outer whorl floral organs. The depressed palea1 (dp1) mutants show a primary defect in the main structure of palea, implying that palea is a fusion between the main structure and marginal tissues ...
Figure 17. Ptc1 expression in Tulp3 mutant limb buds
... proper formation of the limbs, central nervous system, and axial skeleton, amoung other tissues. Mutations affecting the function of this pathway during development have severe consequences to the developing embryo and can cause birth defects in humans. Inappropriate activation of the pathway in adu ...
... proper formation of the limbs, central nervous system, and axial skeleton, amoung other tissues. Mutations affecting the function of this pathway during development have severe consequences to the developing embryo and can cause birth defects in humans. Inappropriate activation of the pathway in adu ...
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... cooperation of several different signaling pathways (de Celis et al., 1996; Sotillos and De Celis, 2005), the development of CVs relies almost entirely on BMP signaling, and has thus served as a sensitive readout for functional assays of proteins that modulate pathway activity. dpp mRNA is expressed ...
... cooperation of several different signaling pathways (de Celis et al., 1996; Sotillos and De Celis, 2005), the development of CVs relies almost entirely on BMP signaling, and has thus served as a sensitive readout for functional assays of proteins that modulate pathway activity. dpp mRNA is expressed ...
Protein kinase C- modulates mitochondrial function and active Na
... involved in ischemic injury in the heart and is a pivotal signaling element in the cardioprotective mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning (23, 25). Studies in cardiac myocytes have demonstrated that PKC-⑀ activation is required for protection against ischemic injury (8, 9, 14, 16). The inhibition o ...
... involved in ischemic injury in the heart and is a pivotal signaling element in the cardioprotective mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning (23, 25). Studies in cardiac myocytes have demonstrated that PKC-⑀ activation is required for protection against ischemic injury (8, 9, 14, 16). The inhibition o ...
C-terminal processing of yeast Spt7 occurs in the absence of
... at the periphery of the complex and interacts with DNAbinding transcriptional regulators thus conferring promoter specificity to SAGA [28-32]. Through mass spectrometry analysis of purified SAGA complex, other components have been identified [33-36]. One of these proteins, Sus1, is associated with t ...
... at the periphery of the complex and interacts with DNAbinding transcriptional regulators thus conferring promoter specificity to SAGA [28-32]. Through mass spectrometry analysis of purified SAGA complex, other components have been identified [33-36]. One of these proteins, Sus1, is associated with t ...
Rhizobium Nodulation Protein NodC Is an Important Determinant of
... various Rhizobium species. We expressed the cloned nodC genes of Rhizobium meliloti, R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, and R. loti in Escherichia coli. The in vivo activities of the various NodC proteins differed with respect to the length of the major chitin oligosaccharide produced. The clearest differ ...
... various Rhizobium species. We expressed the cloned nodC genes of Rhizobium meliloti, R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, and R. loti in Escherichia coli. The in vivo activities of the various NodC proteins differed with respect to the length of the major chitin oligosaccharide produced. The clearest differ ...
Engrailed cooperates with extradenticle and homothorax to repress
... boundaries during Drosophila development (Akam, 1987; Blair, 1995). Its homologs in mammals are important in brain and limb development, where they might provide a similar function (Augustine et al., 1995; Joyner, 1996; Wurst et al., 1994). The En gene product regulates several key target genes. It ...
... boundaries during Drosophila development (Akam, 1987; Blair, 1995). Its homologs in mammals are important in brain and limb development, where they might provide a similar function (Augustine et al., 1995; Joyner, 1996; Wurst et al., 1994). The En gene product regulates several key target genes. It ...
Gene Section MLL (myeloid/lymphoid or mixed lineage leukemia) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... 3969 amino acids; 431 KDa; contains two DNA binding motifs: a AT hook homologous to high mobility group proteins HMGI-(Y) and HMGI(C) that binds to the minor groove of DNA, and zinc fingers, a DNA methyl transferase motif, a bromodomain, and segments of homology with trithorax, in particular in the ...
... 3969 amino acids; 431 KDa; contains two DNA binding motifs: a AT hook homologous to high mobility group proteins HMGI-(Y) and HMGI(C) that binds to the minor groove of DNA, and zinc fingers, a DNA methyl transferase motif, a bromodomain, and segments of homology with trithorax, in particular in the ...
Signaling Pathways of Heme Oxygenase
... The toxic effects of CO have been known for many years. Since CO binds hemoglobin with higher affinity than O2, O2 delivery to tissues and organs is blocked by this gaseous molecule. More recently, HO-derived CO has been recognized to be an important cellular messenger with various physiological fun ...
... The toxic effects of CO have been known for many years. Since CO binds hemoglobin with higher affinity than O2, O2 delivery to tissues and organs is blocked by this gaseous molecule. More recently, HO-derived CO has been recognized to be an important cellular messenger with various physiological fun ...
CBP/p300 in cell growth, transformation, and development Richard
... in sublethally irradiated recipients transplanted with ...
... in sublethally irradiated recipients transplanted with ...
The Drosophila Sec7 domain guanine nucleotide exchange factor
... et al., 2002) and plants (GNOM, GNL1) (Richter et al., 2007). Drosophila contains a single GBF1 homolog called gartenzwerg (garz) (Kraut et al., 2001; Szul et al., 2011). However, garz loss-offunction mutations were not available and it was not clear which of the six annotated ARF-GEF homologs in Dr ...
... et al., 2002) and plants (GNOM, GNL1) (Richter et al., 2007). Drosophila contains a single GBF1 homolog called gartenzwerg (garz) (Kraut et al., 2001; Szul et al., 2011). However, garz loss-offunction mutations were not available and it was not clear which of the six annotated ARF-GEF homologs in Dr ...
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN PLANTS C Robertson McClung
... CAB). This list continues to grow (75, 95) and it seems likely that microarray analysis should soon identify most genes showing circadian oscillations in mRNA abundance. Initial estimates suggest that from 5% to 6% of Arabidopsis genes are rhythmically expressed (46a). This is a far cry from the app ...
... CAB). This list continues to grow (75, 95) and it seems likely that microarray analysis should soon identify most genes showing circadian oscillations in mRNA abundance. Initial estimates suggest that from 5% to 6% of Arabidopsis genes are rhythmically expressed (46a). This is a far cry from the app ...
Spotlight on the microbes that produce heat shock protein 90
... 3. The discovery of natural product inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 The appreciation that Hsp90 might be a valuable drug target was initially slow in coming. It was initiated by studies on the actions of benzoquinone ansamycins (table 1), actinomycete-derived antibiotics of very closely related ...
... 3. The discovery of natural product inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 The appreciation that Hsp90 might be a valuable drug target was initially slow in coming. It was initiated by studies on the actions of benzoquinone ansamycins (table 1), actinomycete-derived antibiotics of very closely related ...
Motor proteins of the kinesin superfamily
... chemical features of motors and these GTPases hint that an ancestral nucleotide-binding protein could have diverged to become both an ATP-driven motor protein and a GTP-driven molecular switch. The initial crystal structures of kinesin and Ncd posed more questions than they answered. They showed nei ...
... chemical features of motors and these GTPases hint that an ancestral nucleotide-binding protein could have diverged to become both an ATP-driven motor protein and a GTP-driven molecular switch. The initial crystal structures of kinesin and Ncd posed more questions than they answered. They showed nei ...
Clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase is a
... after 10 s shaking of the plate. To measure the bacterial growth in the presence of H2O2, bacterial strains were grown in TY medium with 50 mM H2O2 and the OD600 was measured at regular intervals using a Bioscreen C plate reader. Bacterial survival upon exposure to H2O2. Bacterial cultures ...
... after 10 s shaking of the plate. To measure the bacterial growth in the presence of H2O2, bacterial strains were grown in TY medium with 50 mM H2O2 and the OD600 was measured at regular intervals using a Bioscreen C plate reader. Bacterial survival upon exposure to H2O2. Bacterial cultures ...
The amelogenin gene
... al., 1994) and rat (Bonass et al., 1994) provides evidence for extreme levels of conservation. Therefore, the amelogenin gene structures of those animals may be similar to those of human and bovine, but have not yet been isolated and characterized. ...
... al., 1994) and rat (Bonass et al., 1994) provides evidence for extreme levels of conservation. Therefore, the amelogenin gene structures of those animals may be similar to those of human and bovine, but have not yet been isolated and characterized. ...
In Memoriam: Jacques Monod (1910–1976)
... To better understand the nature of enzymatic induction, Jacques Monod realized that, first of all, he would have to study the relationships between gene and enzyme. From 1946 on, he isolated lactoseþ and lactose2 mutants of E. coli. Later, among a number of mutants that had been isolated, several se ...
... To better understand the nature of enzymatic induction, Jacques Monod realized that, first of all, he would have to study the relationships between gene and enzyme. From 1946 on, he isolated lactoseþ and lactose2 mutants of E. coli. Later, among a number of mutants that had been isolated, several se ...
Insights from Drosophila models of Alzheimer`s disease
... sequenced completely. As a result of all of these studies, there is a wealth of genetic tools that can be employed to study and manipulate almost any cellular process and cell within this organism. The UAS (upstream activating sequence)/GAL4 gene expression system is one example of such a genetic to ...
... sequenced completely. As a result of all of these studies, there is a wealth of genetic tools that can be employed to study and manipulate almost any cellular process and cell within this organism. The UAS (upstream activating sequence)/GAL4 gene expression system is one example of such a genetic to ...
Localization of retinitis pigmentosa 2 to cilia is regulated by Importin 2
... cilium or centrosome. The gene encoding the retinitis pigmentosa 2 protein (RP2) is mutated in X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. RP2 localizes to the ciliary base and this requires the dual acylation of the N-terminus, but the precise mechanism by which RP2 is trafficked to the cilia is unknown. Here w ...
... cilium or centrosome. The gene encoding the retinitis pigmentosa 2 protein (RP2) is mutated in X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. RP2 localizes to the ciliary base and this requires the dual acylation of the N-terminus, but the precise mechanism by which RP2 is trafficked to the cilia is unknown. Here w ...
Homologous pairing and the role of pairing centers in meiosis
... we focus on ‘pairing’, the still largely mysterious process by which homologs find each other and form initial connections, and we will pay particular attention to the roles of pairing centers (PCs) in this process. Homologous pairing and the telomere bouquet Before homologous chromosomes recombine ...
... we focus on ‘pairing’, the still largely mysterious process by which homologs find each other and form initial connections, and we will pay particular attention to the roles of pairing centers (PCs) in this process. Homologous pairing and the telomere bouquet Before homologous chromosomes recombine ...
PDF reprint - Stanford Medicine
... Drosophila genomic DNA and obtained six DNA fragments that satisfied genetic criteria in yeast for Tin binding sites (Figure 1B). Most of the genomic DNA fragments were isolated multiple times. Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of core recognition sites for NK class homeodomains in all of the ...
... Drosophila genomic DNA and obtained six DNA fragments that satisfied genetic criteria in yeast for Tin binding sites (Figure 1B). Most of the genomic DNA fragments were isolated multiple times. Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of core recognition sites for NK class homeodomains in all of the ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.