Stimulation Do Not Alter TTP Function Protein Kinase and
... received the following: 1 g of pGL3 luciferase vector and varying concentrations of the specified pcDNA 3.1 His C-TTP vector, with the difference in DNA transfected made up with the pcDNA3.1 His-C parental for a total of 1 g in 100 l of total, serum free RPMI 1640 medium. The DNA mixture was mixe ...
... received the following: 1 g of pGL3 luciferase vector and varying concentrations of the specified pcDNA 3.1 His C-TTP vector, with the difference in DNA transfected made up with the pcDNA3.1 His-C parental for a total of 1 g in 100 l of total, serum free RPMI 1640 medium. The DNA mixture was mixe ...
PDF reprint - Stanford Medicine
... Drosophila genomic DNA and obtained six DNA fragments that satisfied genetic criteria in yeast for Tin binding sites (Figure 1B). Most of the genomic DNA fragments were isolated multiple times. Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of core recognition sites for NK class homeodomains in all of the ...
... Drosophila genomic DNA and obtained six DNA fragments that satisfied genetic criteria in yeast for Tin binding sites (Figure 1B). Most of the genomic DNA fragments were isolated multiple times. Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of core recognition sites for NK class homeodomains in all of the ...
Prostaglandin E2 Regulates the Level and Stability of
... housekeeping promoter (8). In contrast, the COX-2 gene (mRNAs 4.6 and 2.8 kb) is rapidly induced by tumor promoters, growth factors, cytokines, and mitogens in many cell model systems (9 –11). It behaves much like an immediate-early gene, and its regulation has been shown to occur at both transcript ...
... housekeeping promoter (8). In contrast, the COX-2 gene (mRNAs 4.6 and 2.8 kb) is rapidly induced by tumor promoters, growth factors, cytokines, and mitogens in many cell model systems (9 –11). It behaves much like an immediate-early gene, and its regulation has been shown to occur at both transcript ...
Coordination of microtubule and microfilament dynamics by
... crosslinking antagonizes the formation of the dynamic subcortical microtubule arrays that are required for ooplasmic streaming (Fig. 5o-p). We propose that activated Rho1 transduces a signal during stages 8-10b that promotes the crosslinking activity of Capu and SpireC by preventing binding of Spire ...
... crosslinking antagonizes the formation of the dynamic subcortical microtubule arrays that are required for ooplasmic streaming (Fig. 5o-p). We propose that activated Rho1 transduces a signal during stages 8-10b that promotes the crosslinking activity of Capu and SpireC by preventing binding of Spire ...
The Homothorax homeoprotein activates the nuclear localization of
... and Morata 1995, 1996). The third level is at the subcellular localization of Exd. Exd is not located in the nucleus in all cells. The distribution of nuclear Exd (Aspland and White 1997) correlates with the functional requirement for exd, indicating that only the nuclear Exd can exert its function. ...
... and Morata 1995, 1996). The third level is at the subcellular localization of Exd. Exd is not located in the nucleus in all cells. The distribution of nuclear Exd (Aspland and White 1997) correlates with the functional requirement for exd, indicating that only the nuclear Exd can exert its function. ...
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Anaerobic Respiration in Biofilms
... formation and cell viability, we grew biofilms in LBN under anaerobic conditions using a panel of mutant strains designed to test genetically whether NO killed the rhlR mutant bacteria. Figure 3E shows that most of the anaerobic ⌬rhlR biofilm bacteria were dead, consistent with the results described ...
... formation and cell viability, we grew biofilms in LBN under anaerobic conditions using a panel of mutant strains designed to test genetically whether NO killed the rhlR mutant bacteria. Figure 3E shows that most of the anaerobic ⌬rhlR biofilm bacteria were dead, consistent with the results described ...
Functional redundancy of mammalian Polycomb genes
... repress Hox cluster genes and mediate cell survival of embryos during development. In addition, we demonstrate that Mel18 and Bmi1, although essential for maintenance of the appropriate expression domains of Hox cluster genes, are not required for the initial establishment of Hox gene expression. Fu ...
... repress Hox cluster genes and mediate cell survival of embryos during development. In addition, we demonstrate that Mel18 and Bmi1, although essential for maintenance of the appropriate expression domains of Hox cluster genes, are not required for the initial establishment of Hox gene expression. Fu ...
Identification of a C-terminal Poly(A)-binding Protein (PABP)
... sufficient to confer viability to cells depleted of the normal PABP gene (11). In Xenopus oocytes, RRMs can stimulate translation when tethered to reporter mRNA (18). As to the C terminus, although it does not bind RNA, it enables PABP to multimerize on poly(A) (12). Recently it was shown to include ...
... sufficient to confer viability to cells depleted of the normal PABP gene (11). In Xenopus oocytes, RRMs can stimulate translation when tethered to reporter mRNA (18). As to the C terminus, although it does not bind RNA, it enables PABP to multimerize on poly(A) (12). Recently it was shown to include ...
Pharmacogenetics of warfarin: current status and future
... S-warfarin may also be metabolized by CYP2C8, CYP2C18 and CYP2C19 to form 4-hydroxywarfarin, although these are minor pathways.28 The genes encoding these P450 isoforms contain many functional polymorphisms. Two studies have so far found no effect of the CYP2C19*2 variant allele on warfarin therapy. ...
... S-warfarin may also be metabolized by CYP2C8, CYP2C18 and CYP2C19 to form 4-hydroxywarfarin, although these are minor pathways.28 The genes encoding these P450 isoforms contain many functional polymorphisms. Two studies have so far found no effect of the CYP2C19*2 variant allele on warfarin therapy. ...
PH4 of Petunia Is an R2R3 MYB Protein That Activates
... subset of structural anthocyanin genes, encoding the enzymes of the pathway, in all pigmented tissues (Quattrocchio et al., 1993) and encode a basic-helix-loop-helix (BHLH) transcription factor and a WD40 protein, respectively (de Vetten et al., 1997; Spelt et al., 2000). AN2 encodes a MYB-type tran ...
... subset of structural anthocyanin genes, encoding the enzymes of the pathway, in all pigmented tissues (Quattrocchio et al., 1993) and encode a basic-helix-loop-helix (BHLH) transcription factor and a WD40 protein, respectively (de Vetten et al., 1997; Spelt et al., 2000). AN2 encodes a MYB-type tran ...
Bioinformatics analysis of FRG1
... 2015).The inability to restore muscle strength and contractile properties may be attributed to altered splice isoforms of TNNT3. FHL1 over-expression does not affect the pathogenic pathway involving FRG1/Suv-20h/Eid3. FRG1 might affect muscle physiology independent of FHL1 expression explaining inab ...
... 2015).The inability to restore muscle strength and contractile properties may be attributed to altered splice isoforms of TNNT3. FHL1 over-expression does not affect the pathogenic pathway involving FRG1/Suv-20h/Eid3. FRG1 might affect muscle physiology independent of FHL1 expression explaining inab ...
The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 (TNFAIP3) is a central regulator of
... protein, enabling its proteasome-dependent elimination. Gene targeting experiments showed that IKK2 and NEMO, but not IKK1, are required for NF-kB activation by TNF and TLRs [3]. Some receptors such as the lymphotoxin b receptor and CD40 receptor have the ability to activate an alternative NF-kB pat ...
... protein, enabling its proteasome-dependent elimination. Gene targeting experiments showed that IKK2 and NEMO, but not IKK1, are required for NF-kB activation by TNF and TLRs [3]. Some receptors such as the lymphotoxin b receptor and CD40 receptor have the ability to activate an alternative NF-kB pat ...
Selenocysteine insertion directed by the 3′
... as a signal for termination of protein synthesis. To distinguish between these two functions of UGA, a designated RNA structure, Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element (10,11), is present in selenoprotein mRNAs and directs Sec incorporation into selenoproteins (11,12). In both prokaryotes and eukary ...
... as a signal for termination of protein synthesis. To distinguish between these two functions of UGA, a designated RNA structure, Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element (10,11), is present in selenoprotein mRNAs and directs Sec incorporation into selenoproteins (11,12). In both prokaryotes and eukary ...
Alternatively Spliced Genes
... Comparison of genes coding for components of splicing machinery, including both snRNAs and protein factors, reveals a high degree of conservation through evolution. Amazing similarity is found among spliceosomal components from yeast, fruit fly, and human. A recent study using nanoscale microcapillar ...
... Comparison of genes coding for components of splicing machinery, including both snRNAs and protein factors, reveals a high degree of conservation through evolution. Amazing similarity is found among spliceosomal components from yeast, fruit fly, and human. A recent study using nanoscale microcapillar ...
Control of Pre-mRNA Splicing by the General Splicing Factors
... Identification of PUF60 as a Splicing Factor Pre-mRNA splicing in vitro can occur accurately in HeLa cell nuclear extract. The cytoplasmic S100 fraction obtained during the preparation of nuclear extract is also competent for splicing of many substrates when complemented with one or more SR proteins ...
... Identification of PUF60 as a Splicing Factor Pre-mRNA splicing in vitro can occur accurately in HeLa cell nuclear extract. The cytoplasmic S100 fraction obtained during the preparation of nuclear extract is also competent for splicing of many substrates when complemented with one or more SR proteins ...
PDF
... which therefore completely lack wild-type Utx protein (see below). The majority of Utx∆ mat+ zyg– animals develop into adults that are morphologically indistinguishable from wild-type flies, but die within a day after eclosion from the pupal case (Fig. 1C). Previous studies reported that animals hom ...
... which therefore completely lack wild-type Utx protein (see below). The majority of Utx∆ mat+ zyg– animals develop into adults that are morphologically indistinguishable from wild-type flies, but die within a day after eclosion from the pupal case (Fig. 1C). Previous studies reported that animals hom ...
With No Lysine (WNK) Family Proteins and Their
... in β strand 3 conserved in all other functional kinase domains, the WNKs contain a cysteine. An alternate lysine in β strand 2 functions in its place. The four mammalian genes of the WNK family code for long proteins, 1200 to 2400 amino acids in length. However, outside of the kinase domain, there a ...
... in β strand 3 conserved in all other functional kinase domains, the WNKs contain a cysteine. An alternate lysine in β strand 2 functions in its place. The four mammalian genes of the WNK family code for long proteins, 1200 to 2400 amino acids in length. However, outside of the kinase domain, there a ...
How cohesin and CTCF cooperate in regulating gene expression
... Many of the ‘CTCF only’ sites may therefore also be bound by cohesin. CTCF sites have also been identified in a number of other studies (see below), and one of these reported more than 20 000 binding sites on human DNA (Barski et al. 2007). It is therefore possible that the human genome contains up ...
... Many of the ‘CTCF only’ sites may therefore also be bound by cohesin. CTCF sites have also been identified in a number of other studies (see below), and one of these reported more than 20 000 binding sites on human DNA (Barski et al. 2007). It is therefore possible that the human genome contains up ...
Cyp1b1 Protein in the Mouse Eye during Development
... the Cyp1b1 in mouse eye in an attempt to discern its role(s) in eye development and function. The retina proved to be one of three functionally distinct regions of the eye with high levels of Cyp1b1 expression. The other two regions include the cornea and the inner ciliary epithelium. ...
... the Cyp1b1 in mouse eye in an attempt to discern its role(s) in eye development and function. The retina proved to be one of three functionally distinct regions of the eye with high levels of Cyp1b1 expression. The other two regions include the cornea and the inner ciliary epithelium. ...
Oxidative stress stimulates multiple MAPK signalling pathways and
... (PMA)] and mechanical overload. The two isoforms of JNKs identified (p46-JNK1 and p52-JNK2) were found to be phosphorylated in response to 0.5·mol·l–1 sorbitol, mechanical overload and re-oxygenation following anoxia. p38-MAPK was also stimulated by mechanical overload but was most potently activate ...
... (PMA)] and mechanical overload. The two isoforms of JNKs identified (p46-JNK1 and p52-JNK2) were found to be phosphorylated in response to 0.5·mol·l–1 sorbitol, mechanical overload and re-oxygenation following anoxia. p38-MAPK was also stimulated by mechanical overload but was most potently activate ...
Intragenic Revertants of Yeast Invertase Variants with Secretion-Defective Leader Sequences.
... the secretory pathway (C. A. Kaiser, Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 1987). Thus, these amino-terminal residues constitute a signal sequence for secretion. They are necessary for invertase secretion, since the constitutive form of invertase remains in the cytoplasm, a ...
... the secretory pathway (C. A. Kaiser, Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 1987). Thus, these amino-terminal residues constitute a signal sequence for secretion. They are necessary for invertase secretion, since the constitutive form of invertase remains in the cytoplasm, a ...
Gene Section ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4 (tax responsive enhancer element B67)) -
... reduced concentration of amino acids, attributed to reduced TOR input. Thus, there is a close relationship between ATF4 function, the TOR pathway, and metabolism. This function of ATF4 also explains why type I collagen synthesis is specifically reduced in primary osteoblast cultures lacking ATF4, wh ...
... reduced concentration of amino acids, attributed to reduced TOR input. Thus, there is a close relationship between ATF4 function, the TOR pathway, and metabolism. This function of ATF4 also explains why type I collagen synthesis is specifically reduced in primary osteoblast cultures lacking ATF4, wh ...
Plant adenosine 59-phosphosulphate reductase: the past, the
... excluded, especially when the purification of PAPS reductase from spinach had been reported (Schwenn, 1989). In attempts to clone plant APS and/or PAPS reducing enzyme(s) by complementation of E. coli mutants deficient in cysH, three different cDNA clones were obtained from Arabidopsis thaliana (Gut ...
... excluded, especially when the purification of PAPS reductase from spinach had been reported (Schwenn, 1989). In attempts to clone plant APS and/or PAPS reducing enzyme(s) by complementation of E. coli mutants deficient in cysH, three different cDNA clones were obtained from Arabidopsis thaliana (Gut ...
Investigation of Factors Affecting Opalescence and Phase
... opalescence for a DVD-IgTM protein solution. Larger size and increased asymmetry of the molecule (with respect to shape and surface charge distribution) results in many fold increase in formulation challenges for DVD-IgTM protein. We first established the thermodynamic basis for phase separation and ...
... opalescence for a DVD-IgTM protein solution. Larger size and increased asymmetry of the molecule (with respect to shape and surface charge distribution) results in many fold increase in formulation challenges for DVD-IgTM protein. We first established the thermodynamic basis for phase separation and ...
Costes et al.
... for CFP. Light above 490 nm was collected by a bandpass filter (BP 565– 615) leading to a collection from 565 to 615 nm for YFP. (Digital images consist of a chessboard-like array of elements, called pixels for twodimensional images and voxels for three-dimensional images. Each pixel or voxel is ass ...
... for CFP. Light above 490 nm was collected by a bandpass filter (BP 565– 615) leading to a collection from 565 to 615 nm for YFP. (Digital images consist of a chessboard-like array of elements, called pixels for twodimensional images and voxels for three-dimensional images. Each pixel or voxel is ass ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.