![LCAT activation by apoA-I in HDL3 exposed to HOCl or MPO](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/013354639_1-501bd0eb4537953f39a45f70a247287d-300x300.png)
LCAT activation by apoA-I in HDL3 exposed to HOCl or MPO
... Oxidation of specific amino acid residues in apoA-I impairs reverse cholesterol transport Tyr192 Major site of chlorination Tyr192Phe mutation protective Met residues Methionine sulfoxide reductase Met(S=O) → Met(S) Reverses inhibition ...
... Oxidation of specific amino acid residues in apoA-I impairs reverse cholesterol transport Tyr192 Major site of chlorination Tyr192Phe mutation protective Met residues Methionine sulfoxide reductase Met(S=O) → Met(S) Reverses inhibition ...
Spatial localization of the first and last enzymes effectively connects
... reproduced in vitro [5,6]; nevertheless, aside from a few exceptions where enzymes form macromolecular complexes [7-9], little is known about the cellular organization of enzymes. It is possible that the existence of large multi-enzyme complexes, as opposed to freely diffusing enzymes, could either ...
... reproduced in vitro [5,6]; nevertheless, aside from a few exceptions where enzymes form macromolecular complexes [7-9], little is known about the cellular organization of enzymes. It is possible that the existence of large multi-enzyme complexes, as opposed to freely diffusing enzymes, could either ...
Mechanisms of plasmid stable maintenance with special
... plasmids are retained over generations without any selective pressure. Thus, there have to exist mechanisms which enable the maintenance of the plasmid during cell growth in nonselective conditions. Systems that contribute to this stability are encoded by DNA cassettes and are, in most cases, indepe ...
... plasmids are retained over generations without any selective pressure. Thus, there have to exist mechanisms which enable the maintenance of the plasmid during cell growth in nonselective conditions. Systems that contribute to this stability are encoded by DNA cassettes and are, in most cases, indepe ...
Benzoate mediates the simultaneous repression of anaerobic 4
... cells were used as inoculum (data not shown). A notable observation is the unaltered utilization hierarchy with the ternary mixture, i.e. benzoate over succinate and 4methylbenzoate, mirroring the preferences observed with respective binary mixtures (Figure 1a–c). Transcript and protein dynamics (te ...
... cells were used as inoculum (data not shown). A notable observation is the unaltered utilization hierarchy with the ternary mixture, i.e. benzoate over succinate and 4methylbenzoate, mirroring the preferences observed with respective binary mixtures (Figure 1a–c). Transcript and protein dynamics (te ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum Export Sites and Golgi Bodies Behave as
... ER-to-Golgi protein transport may occur in plants. It was proposed that Golgi bodies move between fixed ERES in an actinmyosin–dependent fashion (stop-and-go model; Nebenführ et al., 1999). This model suggests that Golgi bodies become competent for cargo collection once they come to a halt on an ER ...
... ER-to-Golgi protein transport may occur in plants. It was proposed that Golgi bodies move between fixed ERES in an actinmyosin–dependent fashion (stop-and-go model; Nebenführ et al., 1999). This model suggests that Golgi bodies become competent for cargo collection once they come to a halt on an ER ...
Pax3
... Point mutations were introduced into each of the three CdxBS of NCE2 by using the QuikChange multisite-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Sequences of the oligonucleotides used for sitedirected mutagenesis were as follows: CdxBS1, 5⬘-CAGCAGTTTAGTCTGA ...
... Point mutations were introduced into each of the three CdxBS of NCE2 by using the QuikChange multisite-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Sequences of the oligonucleotides used for sitedirected mutagenesis were as follows: CdxBS1, 5⬘-CAGCAGTTTAGTCTGA ...
PROTEIN-LIPID INTERPLAY IN FUSION AND FISSION OF
... of the Boltzmann constant, kB, and the absolute temperature, T) (3). If the energy required for membrane rearrangements exceeds Ftherm, it has to be delivered by the proteins. In this section we formulate a possible job description for the proteins suggested by theoretical analysis of the energy con ...
... of the Boltzmann constant, kB, and the absolute temperature, T) (3). If the energy required for membrane rearrangements exceeds Ftherm, it has to be delivered by the proteins. In this section we formulate a possible job description for the proteins suggested by theoretical analysis of the energy con ...
The Plant Cell - Department of Biology
... dimerization and the transport of cargo, respectively. Recent completion of the genome sequences of several eukaryotes, ranging from a simple eukaryote to highly evolved multicellular organisms, has allowed the identification of a large number of kinesins in an organism. For example, 45 kinesin gene ...
... dimerization and the transport of cargo, respectively. Recent completion of the genome sequences of several eukaryotes, ranging from a simple eukaryote to highly evolved multicellular organisms, has allowed the identification of a large number of kinesins in an organism. For example, 45 kinesin gene ...
The intercalated disc-associated Xin family of proteins in cardiac
... mechanical and electrical communication among adjacent cardiomyocytes. More recently, it has been increasingly realized that ICDs also function in signal transduction and regulation of the surface expression of ion channels. Accordingly, defects of ICD components are shown to cause a number of human ...
... mechanical and electrical communication among adjacent cardiomyocytes. More recently, it has been increasingly realized that ICDs also function in signal transduction and regulation of the surface expression of ion channels. Accordingly, defects of ICD components are shown to cause a number of human ...
Allosteric Interactions after 50Years
... In relation to the second stream, the sigmoidal saturation curves for feedback-inhibited enzymes hinted at a common ground with hemoglobin, as suggested publically by B. Davis in 1961 at the Cold Spring Harbor meeting, 3 although the parallel had already been applied to enzymes at least among scient ...
... In relation to the second stream, the sigmoidal saturation curves for feedback-inhibited enzymes hinted at a common ground with hemoglobin, as suggested publically by B. Davis in 1961 at the Cold Spring Harbor meeting, 3 although the parallel had already been applied to enzymes at least among scient ...
EVOLUTION OF A REGULATED OPERON IN THE LABORATORY
... In contrast, the understanding of evolution, or “how things got to be this way,” has depended upon fragmentary fossil evidence and upon comparisons of existing organisms with each other and with their extinct ancestors. Based upon an enormous number of observations at the anatomical and molecular le ...
... In contrast, the understanding of evolution, or “how things got to be this way,” has depended upon fragmentary fossil evidence and upon comparisons of existing organisms with each other and with their extinct ancestors. Based upon an enormous number of observations at the anatomical and molecular le ...
SPATULA, a bHLH carpel development gene
... stigmatic tissue is also severely reduced. The only tissue absent in strong spt mutants is the transmitting tract within the septum and style that generate an extracellular matrix. Despite this, fertilisation usually occurs, although at a reduced frequency. spt fruits are shorter than wild type and ...
... stigmatic tissue is also severely reduced. The only tissue absent in strong spt mutants is the transmitting tract within the septum and style that generate an extracellular matrix. Despite this, fertilisation usually occurs, although at a reduced frequency. spt fruits are shorter than wild type and ...
Actin Dynamics in Muscle Cells
... generation of contraction. In non-muscle cells, actin filaments are very dynamic and regulated by an array of proteins that interact with actin filaments and/or monomeric actin. Interestingly, in non-muscle cells the barbed ends of the filaments are the predominant assembly place, whereas in muscle cel ...
... generation of contraction. In non-muscle cells, actin filaments are very dynamic and regulated by an array of proteins that interact with actin filaments and/or monomeric actin. Interestingly, in non-muscle cells the barbed ends of the filaments are the predominant assembly place, whereas in muscle cel ...
Chapter 4. Unnatural amino acids with caged side chains
... The advent of techniques to alter the amino acids of proteins has permitted the consideration of ‘caged proteins,’ in which particular residues in a protein are provided with photo-removable protecting groups. A number of recent reviews have presented a survey of this literature.21-23 Interesting ex ...
... The advent of techniques to alter the amino acids of proteins has permitted the consideration of ‘caged proteins,’ in which particular residues in a protein are provided with photo-removable protecting groups. A number of recent reviews have presented a survey of this literature.21-23 Interesting ex ...
A pervasive role of histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases in
... The NF-kB family of transcription factors is present in most vertebrate cell types as homo- and heterodimers of five structurally related Rel and NF-kB proteins, namely p65 (also called RelA), RelB, c-Rel, NF-kB1 (p50 and its precursor p105) and NF-kB2 (p52 and its precursor p100) [1,2]. The transac ...
... The NF-kB family of transcription factors is present in most vertebrate cell types as homo- and heterodimers of five structurally related Rel and NF-kB proteins, namely p65 (also called RelA), RelB, c-Rel, NF-kB1 (p50 and its precursor p105) and NF-kB2 (p52 and its precursor p100) [1,2]. The transac ...
Direct interaction of iron-regulated surface
... to the bacterial surface proteins to engage platelet receptor FccRIIa and trigger intracellular signalling events (Loughman et al., 2005; Miajlovic et al., 2007). A slower complement-dependent mechanism of activation was detected under circumstances where the major proaggregatory surface proteins we ...
... to the bacterial surface proteins to engage platelet receptor FccRIIa and trigger intracellular signalling events (Loughman et al., 2005; Miajlovic et al., 2007). A slower complement-dependent mechanism of activation was detected under circumstances where the major proaggregatory surface proteins we ...
The Zn Finger protein Iguana impacts Hedgehog signaling by
... following approximately 14 days of RNAi (Fig. 2B). During the period of cilia loss, remaining cilia maintained normal length (Fig. 2B) and were capable of beating (Supplementary movies 3, 4). These data indicate a requirement for iguana in maintenance of the ciliated state of cells at the head rim. ...
... following approximately 14 days of RNAi (Fig. 2B). During the period of cilia loss, remaining cilia maintained normal length (Fig. 2B) and were capable of beating (Supplementary movies 3, 4). These data indicate a requirement for iguana in maintenance of the ciliated state of cells at the head rim. ...
Relationship between expression of serendipity and
... immediately adjacent to the ribosomal protein rp49 gene on the third chromosome (99D4-8). Isolation and sequencing of the rp49 gene and its immediately dowstream region from D. pseudoobscura (Segarra and Aguadé, 1993) and D. sub obscura (Aguadé, 1988) revealed that the relative locations of sry δ an ...
... immediately adjacent to the ribosomal protein rp49 gene on the third chromosome (99D4-8). Isolation and sequencing of the rp49 gene and its immediately dowstream region from D. pseudoobscura (Segarra and Aguadé, 1993) and D. sub obscura (Aguadé, 1988) revealed that the relative locations of sry δ an ...
Fulltext PDF - Indian Academy of Sciences
... Autophagy is basically a cell survival mechanism that is induced by stress. Amino acid starvation is one of the most powerful inducers of autophagy. Deregulation of autophagy leads to several diseases including metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Therefore, it is expected that small molecule modul ...
... Autophagy is basically a cell survival mechanism that is induced by stress. Amino acid starvation is one of the most powerful inducers of autophagy. Deregulation of autophagy leads to several diseases including metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Therefore, it is expected that small molecule modul ...
endoglucanase in cellulose biosynthesis is not very clear
... Instead, the plant gene was identified by sequencing random cDNAs from a cotton fiber library and analyzing the derived amino acid sequences for presence of the conserved features identified in the bacterial cellulose synthase and other processive β-glycosyltransferases. Mutant analysis, specificall ...
... Instead, the plant gene was identified by sequencing random cDNAs from a cotton fiber library and analyzing the derived amino acid sequences for presence of the conserved features identified in the bacterial cellulose synthase and other processive β-glycosyltransferases. Mutant analysis, specificall ...
Disruption of somitogenesis by a novel dominant allele of Lfng
... replacing exon 1 of the endogenous Lfng locus with a new exon containing sequences encoding the N-terminus and type II transmembrane domain of RFNG fused to LFNG at the first conserved amino acid of the proteins (Fig. 1A, Fig. S1). Based on our results in tissue culture, we predict that the resultin ...
... replacing exon 1 of the endogenous Lfng locus with a new exon containing sequences encoding the N-terminus and type II transmembrane domain of RFNG fused to LFNG at the first conserved amino acid of the proteins (Fig. 1A, Fig. S1). Based on our results in tissue culture, we predict that the resultin ...
Autophagy at the crossroads of catabolism and anabolism
... pools in response to proteasome inhibition118, which is consistent with findings showing that proteasomes are critical for protein synthesis as they maintain amino acid levels119. Alternatively, proteasome activation can suppress autophagy by increasing amino acid levels and constitutively activatin ...
... pools in response to proteasome inhibition118, which is consistent with findings showing that proteasomes are critical for protein synthesis as they maintain amino acid levels119. Alternatively, proteasome activation can suppress autophagy by increasing amino acid levels and constitutively activatin ...
Cormack et al, 1991 Cell
... Regions of the Yeast TFIID Core Domain That Rescue an Otherwise Human TFIID The experiments described in Figure 3 define regions of yeast TFIID core that cannot be replaced by the homologous region of human TFIID to generate a fully functional protein. To determine if the same regions of yeast TFIID ...
... Regions of the Yeast TFIID Core Domain That Rescue an Otherwise Human TFIID The experiments described in Figure 3 define regions of yeast TFIID core that cannot be replaced by the homologous region of human TFIID to generate a fully functional protein. To determine if the same regions of yeast TFIID ...
BLAST Homepage and Selected Search Pages
... The NCBI logo (G) links to the NCBI homepage (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) to allow access to non-BLAST related functions and content. The “Home” tab (H) links to the BLAST homepage. BLAST search results are temporarily saved for 36 hours. The “Recent Results” tab (I) links to a page that k ...
... The NCBI logo (G) links to the NCBI homepage (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) to allow access to non-BLAST related functions and content. The “Home” tab (H) links to the BLAST homepage. BLAST search results are temporarily saved for 36 hours. The “Recent Results” tab (I) links to a page that k ...
Protein moonlighting
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/3EL3.png?width=300)
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.