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Cell Structure and
Function
2 TYPES OF CELLS: Prokaryotes
vs. Eukaryotes
• Prokaryotes
– Cell membrane
– Cytoplasm
– NO NUCLEUS
– Generally smaller and simpler
– Genetic material located in nucleoid region
(not in a nucleus)
– Example: Bacteria
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
• Eukaryotes
– CONTAIN A NUCLEUS, cell membrane,
cytoplasm
– Generally larger and
more complex
– Contains membrane bound organelles
(internal membranes)
– Genetic material found in nucleus
– Examples: plants, animals, fungi, and protists
Eukaryotic cells can be
unicellular or multicellular
Unicellular
• “one-celled”
• Examples: Kingdom Protista
Amoeba
Paramecium
Multicellular
• “many celled”
• Examples: Kingdom Animalia, Plantae,
Fungi, Protista
Kingdom Protista: Spirogyra
Prokaryote Vs. Eukaryote
Venn Diagram
• Directions: Work with your “elbow”
partner to place your descriptions correctly
onto your venn diagram place mat.
• Raise your hand when finished. Beast
bucks will be given to those who have it
correct!
Prokaryote
Both
Eukaryote
Nucleus
DNA in nucleus
No Nucleus
DNA in nucleoid
region
Unicellular
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Small
Simple
Cells
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA
Cell wall
Contain membrane
bound organelles
Multicellular
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protista
Large
Complex
Looking at Cells Lab
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wbXw
Nab598&feature=related
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXAgbS
zEADQ&feature=related
Coccus (Round) Bacteria
Bacillus (Rod-shaped) Bacteria
Spirillus (Spiral-shaped) Bacteria
Making a wet mount:
Wet Mounts:
Poorly Done:
Nicely Done:
Steps to Use:
1. Rotate the low power objective into place and make sure the
stage is all the way down.
2. Place slide on stage making sure object to be viewed is
centered over the hole in the stage. Use the stage clips to
hold the slide in place.
3. Turn light on.
4. Focus first with the coarse adjustment knob. Once in focus
on low power, turn the nosepiece until the next higher lens is
in place.
5. Use FINE adjustment knob ONLY and focus the object.
Comparing Magnification,
Resolution, & Contrast
http://www2.hawaii.edu/~kgoya/microscopy_tutorial/concepts/co
mpare.htm
Cell Structures and Functions
WHAT’S INSIDE OF A
CELL?
Cell Wall
• Plant Cells
• Supports & protects
cells
Plasma Membrane (Cell
membrane)
• controls movement in
and out of the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cytosol (Cytoplasm)
Gel like material of
the cell, contains
organelles
Nucleus
• Directs cell
activities
• Contains DNA
Nuclear Membrane
•Surrounds
nucleus
•Allows materials
to move in and out
Nucleolus
• Contains RNA for making proteins
Chromosomes
• Made of DNA
• Contain
instructions for
traits!
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chromatin
• Strands of DNA
loosely packed
in the nucleus
Centriole
• Animal cell only
• Aid in cell division
Ribosomes
• Synthesizes
protein
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around
in cell
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes, synthesizes
proteins
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Smooth ER
Lipid assembly and drug detoxification
– Can you guess which organ has the most
smooth ER?
Golgi Body
• Packages
proteins
• Move proteins
within and out
of the cell
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicle
• Transports materials
in and out of the cell
in a sac
Mitochondria
• Produces ATP (cell
energy) by converting
chemical energy in food
into a form it can use
Mitochondria
Lysosome
• Breaks down waste and
worn out cell parts
• Animal only
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Vacuoles
• storage, and waste
removal
• Contains water in
plants
Vacuole
Chloroplast
• Plant only
• Contains green
chlorophyll
• Where photosynthesis
takes place
Chloroplast
Cytoskeleton
•Supports cell,
provides shape
•Aids in
movement
Cilia
• Short projections that aid in cell movement
Flagella
• Longer projections that aid in cell
movement
Comparing a cell to a factory:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nucleus = Control Center / Main Office
Ribosomes = Small Machine (production)
ER = Assembly Line (proteins)
Golgi Apparatus = Customization Department
Lysosomes = Cleanup Crew
Vacoule = Storage
Mitochondria = Power Source
Chloroplast = Energy (in plants)
Cytoskeleton = Building Support (steel beams)
Cell Structure and Function
#1
• __________are
organelles that enable
plants to make sugars.
#2
• ___________ is the
gel material between
the cell membrane
and the nucleus.
#3
• A _______________is a
thin layer of lipids and
proteins that separates a
cell’s contents from its
surroundings
#4
• Animal cells contain:
(a)chlorophyll
(b)chloroplasts;
(c)cell membranes;
(d)cell walls.
#5 (Review)
• The organelle that
converts chemical energy
stored in food into a
compound the cell can
use is called the
__________.