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Cell Structure and Function 2 TYPES OF CELLS: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes • Prokaryotes – Cell membrane – Cytoplasm – NO NUCLEUS – Generally smaller and simpler – Genetic material located in nucleoid region (not in a nucleus) – Example: Bacteria Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes • Eukaryotes – CONTAIN A NUCLEUS, cell membrane, cytoplasm – Generally larger and more complex – Contains membrane bound organelles (internal membranes) – Genetic material found in nucleus – Examples: plants, animals, fungi, and protists Eukaryotic cells can be unicellular or multicellular Unicellular • “one-celled” • Examples: Kingdom Protista Amoeba Paramecium Multicellular • “many celled” • Examples: Kingdom Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista Kingdom Protista: Spirogyra Prokaryote Vs. Eukaryote Venn Diagram • Directions: Work with your “elbow” partner to place your descriptions correctly onto your venn diagram place mat. • Raise your hand when finished. Beast bucks will be given to those who have it correct! Prokaryote Both Eukaryote Nucleus DNA in nucleus No Nucleus DNA in nucleoid region Unicellular Archaebacteria Eubacteria Small Simple Cells Cell membrane Cytoplasm DNA Cell wall Contain membrane bound organelles Multicellular Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista Large Complex Looking at Cells Lab • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wbXw Nab598&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXAgbS zEADQ&feature=related Coccus (Round) Bacteria Bacillus (Rod-shaped) Bacteria Spirillus (Spiral-shaped) Bacteria Making a wet mount: Wet Mounts: Poorly Done: Nicely Done: Steps to Use: 1. Rotate the low power objective into place and make sure the stage is all the way down. 2. Place slide on stage making sure object to be viewed is centered over the hole in the stage. Use the stage clips to hold the slide in place. 3. Turn light on. 4. Focus first with the coarse adjustment knob. Once in focus on low power, turn the nosepiece until the next higher lens is in place. 5. Use FINE adjustment knob ONLY and focus the object. Comparing Magnification, Resolution, & Contrast http://www2.hawaii.edu/~kgoya/microscopy_tutorial/concepts/co mpare.htm Cell Structures and Functions WHAT’S INSIDE OF A CELL? Cell Wall • Plant Cells • Supports & protects cells Plasma Membrane (Cell membrane) • controls movement in and out of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Cytosol (Cytoplasm) Gel like material of the cell, contains organelles Nucleus • Directs cell activities • Contains DNA Nuclear Membrane •Surrounds nucleus •Allows materials to move in and out Nucleolus • Contains RNA for making proteins Chromosomes • Made of DNA • Contain instructions for traits! http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Chromatin • Strands of DNA loosely packed in the nucleus Centriole • Animal cell only • Aid in cell division Ribosomes • Synthesizes protein http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum • Moves materials around in cell • Rough type (pictured): ribosomes, synthesizes proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Smooth ER Lipid assembly and drug detoxification – Can you guess which organ has the most smooth ER? Golgi Body • Packages proteins • Move proteins within and out of the cell Golgi Apparatus Vesicle • Transports materials in and out of the cell in a sac Mitochondria • Produces ATP (cell energy) by converting chemical energy in food into a form it can use Mitochondria Lysosome • Breaks down waste and worn out cell parts • Animal only http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Vacuoles • storage, and waste removal • Contains water in plants Vacuole Chloroplast • Plant only • Contains green chlorophyll • Where photosynthesis takes place Chloroplast Cytoskeleton •Supports cell, provides shape •Aids in movement Cilia • Short projections that aid in cell movement Flagella • Longer projections that aid in cell movement Comparing a cell to a factory: • • • • • • • • • Nucleus = Control Center / Main Office Ribosomes = Small Machine (production) ER = Assembly Line (proteins) Golgi Apparatus = Customization Department Lysosomes = Cleanup Crew Vacoule = Storage Mitochondria = Power Source Chloroplast = Energy (in plants) Cytoskeleton = Building Support (steel beams) Cell Structure and Function #1 • __________are organelles that enable plants to make sugars. #2 • ___________ is the gel material between the cell membrane and the nucleus. #3 • A _______________is a thin layer of lipids and proteins that separates a cell’s contents from its surroundings #4 • Animal cells contain: (a)chlorophyll (b)chloroplasts; (c)cell membranes; (d)cell walls. #5 (Review) • The organelle that converts chemical energy stored in food into a compound the cell can use is called the __________.