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Cell Biology Cell Essential Question Name those who added to the cell theory; what did each contribute? 10.29.2007 Cell Cell Theory • Robert Hooke (1665) – first discovered and named “cells” – looked at dead cells of a cork plant Cell Cell Theory • Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674) – built microscopes to study ‘animalcules’ known today as microorganisms – first to see living cells Cell Cell Theory • Matthias Schleiden (1838) – stated all plants are made of cells Cell Cell Theory • Theodore Schwann (1839) – studied human notochord – concluded all animals are made of cells Cell Cell Theory • Rudolph Virchow (1858) – every cell comes from another cell like it. Cell Cell Theory • modern Cell Theory – All living things are composed of cells. – Cells are the units of structure and function in living things. – New cells are produced from pre-existing cells. Cell Cell Structure • Cells can come in 3 shapes 1. Sphere 2. Brick 3. Cube Cell Cell Structure The smallest are bacteria cells The largest is the human egg Cell Structure • Two types of organisms 1. Unicellular- ex. Bacteria, yeasts, Amoeba 2. Multicellular- some cells are specialized; evolved from unicellular cells Cell Cell Structure • Levels of organization cell tissue organ organ system organism Cell Cell Organelles cell membrane Cell Organelles (transparent layer between cells) cell wall Cell Organelles nucleus Cell Organelles (stained green) microtubules Cell Organelles microfilaments Cell Organelles (red) ribosome Cell Organelles (yellow) endoplasmic reticulum Cell Organelles (purple) golgi apparatus Cell Organelles lysosome Cell Organelles vacuole Cell Organelles mitochondria Cell Organelles flagella Cell Organelles cilia Cell Organelles (green) chloroplast Cell Organelles (green) cell wall Cell Organelles centriole Cell Organelles (white) cytoplasm Organelles What is a plastid? A storage cell Which 3 organelles are plastids? Cell Cell Essential Question What are the different states of concentration across a membrane? 11.5.2007 Cell Types of cells • cells classifications – prokaryote • no membrane bound organelles (no nucleus) ex: bacteria – eukaryote • cells with membrane bound organelles ex: plants, fungi, animals, protists Cell Transport • cell membrane – fluid mosaic model • membrane constantly moving – 3 main molecules • proteins • carbohydrates • lipids – hydrophilic (water loving) heads – hydrophobic (water fearing) tails Transport Cell Cell Transport • cell membrane – allows for transport of materials into and out of cell Cell Transport • diffusion – movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration Cell Transport • equilibrium – state in which concentration is equal in all areas Transport • osmosis – movement of water from higher to lower concentration. Cell Cell Transport • osmosis – hypertonic • concentration of solute is greater outside cell – hypotonic • concentration of solute is less outside cell – isotonic • concentration of solute is equal on both sides of membrane Transport • osmosis Cell Transport • osmosis Cell Cell Transport • osmosis Which is isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic? Isotonic hypertonic hypotonic Transport • osmosis Cell meaning concentration percent water moves of name of solute of water into/out of cell (compared to cell) hyper hypo iso (compared to cell) Transport • osmosis Cell meaning concentration percent water moves of name of solute of water into/out of cell hyper more hypo iso (compared to cell) (compared to cell) higher lower out of cell Transport • osmosis Cell meaning concentration percent water moves of name of solute of water into/out of cell hyper more hypo less iso (compared to cell) (compared to cell) higher lower lower higher out of cell into cell Transport • osmosis Cell meaning concentration percent water moves of name of solute of water into/out of cell hyper more hypo less iso same (compared to cell) (compared to cell) higher lower same lower higher same out of cell into cell both directions Cell Essential Question Be able to differentiate between the types of cell transport. 11.7.2007 Cell Transport • facilitated diffusion – molecules move across membrane with help of transport proteins Cell Transport • active transport – uses energy to transport molecules against concentration gradient Cell Transport • active transport – uses energy to transport molecules against concentration gradient Cell Transport • endocytosis – engulfing solid particles using the cell membrane Cell Transport • endocytosis – engulfing solid particles using the cell membrane 1. phagocytosis • endocytosis of solid material 2. Pinocytosis • Endocytosis of liquid material Transport • exocytosis – cell secretes large particles via membrane bound sacs Cell Transport Cell Tugor: the pressure within cells derived from osmotic pressure differences between the inside and outside of the cell causing rigidity. Evolution of eukaryotic cells Prokaryotes were the 1st to evolve, then eukaryotes Why?? Cell Evolution of eukaryotic cells Cell Symbiotic Theory: prokaryotes were once engulfed by other cells, giving rise to eukaryotes. 1. Ex. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own DNA and RNA Evolution of eukaryotic cells mitochondria are the result of endocytosis of aerobic bacteria chloroplasts are the result of endocytosis of photosynthetic bacteria Cell